Fructose

Fructose is a monosaccharide found in honey and many fruits. It joins with glucose to make sucrose, or table sugar.

"Before the European encounter with the New World 500 y ago and the development of the worldwide sugar industry, fructose in the human diet was limited to a few items. For example, honey, dates, raisins, molasses, and figs have a content of >10% of this sugar, whereas a fructose content of 5–10% by weight is found in grapes, raw apples, apple juice, persimmons, and blueberries. Milk, the main nourishment for infants, has essentially no fructose, and neither do most vegetables and meats, which indicates that human beings had little dietary exposure to fructose before the mass production of sugar."

Articles and Resources

SourceWatch Resources

• Sugar
• Sugar Research Foundation, Inc.
• Alliance for Better Foods
• American Council for Fitness and Nutrition
• International Life Sciences Institute
• International Obesity Task Force
• Obesity PR
• Obesity Working Group
• Sugar industry

External Resources

• Weng-Yew Wong and Lindsay Brown, "Induction of Metabolic Syndrome by Excess Fructose Consumption," Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease Volume 9, 2014, pp 41-63.

External Articles

2014:

• Eric Lipton, "Rival Industries Sweet Talk the Public," New York Times, February 11, 2014.
• Ana Djordjevic, Biljana Bursać, Nataša Veličković, Ana Vasiljević, and Gordana Matić, "The impact of different fructose loads on insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and PSA-NCAM-mediated plasticity in the hippocampus of fructose-fed male rats," Nutritional Neuroscience.

2013:

• Avshalom Leibowitz, Asia Rehman, Pierre Paradis and Ernesto L. Schiffrin, "Role of T Regulatory Lymphocytes in the Pathogenesis of High-Fructose Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome," Hypertension, March 25, 2013.
• Débora Fernandes Rodrigues, Milene Cristina do Carmo Henriques, Marina Chaves Oliveira, Zélia Menezes-Garcia, Pedro Elias Marques, Danielle da Glória Souza, Gustavo Batista Menezes, Mauro Martins Teixeira, and Adaliene Versiani Matos Ferreira, "Acute intake of a high-fructose diet alters the balance of adipokine concentrations and induces neutrophil influx in the liver," Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, December 9, 2013.

2012:

• Lawrence de Koning, Vasanti S. Malik, Mark D. Kellogg, Eric B. Rimm, Walter C. Willett, and Frank B. Hu, "Sweetened Beverage Consumption, Incident Coronary Heart Disease, and Biomarkers of Risk in Men," February 8, 2012.
• Luc Tappy, and Kim-Anne Lêc "Does fructose consumption contribute to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?," Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Volume 36, Issue 6, December 2012, Pages 554–560.

2011:

• Juan Zhou, Vladimir Cerny, and Christian Lehmann, "Fructose: The Sweet Poison, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, March 2011.
• Andrzej Brymora, Mariusz Flisiński, Richard J. Johnson, Grażyna Goszka, Anna Stefańska and Jacek Manitius, "Low-fructose diet lowers blood pressure and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease," Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, May 25, 2011.

2009:

• Leone F Mattioli, Naomi B Holloway, James H Thomas, and John G Wood, "Fructose, but Not Dextrose, Induces Leukocyte Adherence to the Mesenteric Venule of the Rat by Oxidative Stress," Pediatric Research (2010) 67, 352–356; doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181d00c41, November 20, 2009.