A paper published in October 2015 in Water Resources Research examined an area in New York above the [[Marcellus Shale]] formation. More than 30,000 wells burrow into the shale. The authors, Dr. James A. Montague and George F. Pinder, used a mathematical model to map the probability that new [[hydraulic fracturing]] would connect to a previously used oil and gas wells, create damage, and let [[methane]] seep. The probability was found to be 10% or more.
Horizontal The horizontal drilling process of forming fissures in the shale can create vulnerabilities and allow methane to seep.<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014WR016771/full "Potential of hydraulically induced fractures to communicate with existing wellbores,"] James A. Montague and
George F. Pinder, Water Resources Research, Retrieved October 2015.</ref>