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SW: →Dioxins in San Francisco Sewage Sludge: add furans from sludge
According to the EPA, dioxins and furans enter the environment from the incineration of municipal waste and medical waste, secondary copper smelting, forest fires, land application of [[sewage sludge]], cement kilns, coal fired power plants, residential wood burning, chlorine bleaching of wood pulp, and perhaps backyard burning of household waste.<ref>U.S. EPA, [http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/dioxins.htm Dioxins and Furans], Accessed August 6, 2010.</ref>
== Dioxins and Furans in San Francisco Sewage Sludge ==
San Francisco's Pretreatment Program Semi-Annual Report, covering the third and fourth quarters of 2009, tested San Francisco's sewage sludge from its Southeast and Oceanside plants. The report notes the following levels of dioxins:
* Total Tetradioxin: 30.4ppt at Southeast, 54.7ppt at Oceanside.
* Total Hexadioxin: 127ppt at Southeast, 171ppt at Oceanside.
* Total Heptadioxin: 962ppt at Southeast, 1500ppt at Oceanside.
* Total tetrafuran: 76.4ppt at Southeast, 68.5ppt at Oceanside
* Total pentafuran: 84.5ppt at Southeast, 69.2ppt at Oceanside
* Total Hexafuran: 122ppt at Southeast, 114ppt at Oceanside
* Total Heptafuran: 246ppt at Southeast, 283ppt at Oceanside
Specific chemicals found were: [[1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin]], [[1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin]], [[1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin]], [[octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin]], [[2,3,7,8-yetrachlorodibenzofuran]], [[1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran]], [[1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptachlorodibenzofuran]], and [[octochlorodibenzofuran]].
