Liberalism
Liberalism may be used to describe one of several ideologies that claims individual liberty to dissent from orthodox tenets or established authorities in political or religious matters, in contrast to conservatism and/or communitarianism.
- One usage of the term is for a tradition of thought that tries to circumscribe the limits of political power, and to define inalienable individual rights. This is the most common usage outside of the United States.
See: classical liberalism or libertarianism. - Another, less common usage, is to denote the tradition of various liberal parties. However, though said liberal parties were originally founded on the tradition above, they significantly diverged from it since they came to power in the 19th century, and liberal parties around the world are now based on a variety of unrelated ideologies, so the ideological content of the word depends on the geographical context.
See: political liberalism. - Another, common usage, denotes the ideology of social-democracy, as defended by the Liberal Party in Britain, particularly since Lloyd George's People's Budget. It is with this background that Keynes, though influenced by Fabianism, claimed to be liberal in the 1930s. The influence of Keynesianism on the New Deal has led liberalism to be identified with the welfare state in the United States.
See: new liberalism. - A limited usage is to denote the tradition shared by authors like John Locke or John Stuart Mill, up to the mid 19th century.
- Some commentators try to distinguish in the "liberal philosophy" (which meaning between 1, 3, or 4 remaining unspecified) a "political liberalism" from an "economic liberalism". These dichotomies perhaps reflect more about the ideology of those who make such a dichotomy, than about the ideology of anyone else.
- In addition to the political usages above, the term "liberal" is also used in theology to refer to people who hold to views which depart from their religion's orthodoxy.
See: Religious Right, liberal theology, Modernism in the Roman Catholicism).
The term liberalism is also used for a major theory of international relations.
Contents
Use of the term around the world
United States
The common meaning of terms evolve: whereas the word "liberal" was clearly associated to meaning 1 (classical liberalism) in the 19th century, it has come to commonly have meaning 3 (new liberalism) in the US after World War II, and particularly as McCarthyism made the word socialism difficult to bear, and left-wingers massively adopted the name "liberal". For this reason, US classical liberals adopted the name "libertarian". Recently, the word "liberal" has been so much used as a derogatory term by US conservatives that many US liberals (meaning 3) prefer to shun the word "liberal" and call themselves "progressive".
United Kingdom
In the UK, meanings 1, 2, 3 coexist, since liberalism as an ideology will be understood by scholars as classical liberalism, whereas there is an active political party named the Liberal Democratic Party, and meaning 3 is imported from the US, including the derogatory usage by conservatives. However, the derogatory connotation is weak, and social liberals from both the left- and right-wing continue to use "liberal" and "illiberal" to describe themselves and their opponents.
New Zealand
In New Zealand the term liberalism is used almost exclusively according to sense 1. It is normal to find the term used with a reference to a particular policy area, such as "market liberalism" or "social liberalism". Unqualified liberalism is less common and in its extreme form is described as libertarianism.
Liberals are sometimes referred to as Methodological Individualists
SourceWatch Resources
External links and references
- This article uses material from the Wikipedia article on Liberalism.
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Liberalism, by Gerald F. Gaus
