Coal Studies

{{#badges: CoalSwarm}} The following is an inventory of studies pertaining to coal and alternatives to coal.

General

• Coal Power in a Warming World: A Sensible Transition to Cleaner Energy Options, Barbara Freese, Steve Clemmer, Alan Nogee, Union of Concerned Scientists, 2008
• Don’t Get Burned: The Risks of Investing in New Coal-Fired Generating Facilities, Synapse Energy Economics, 2008
• The Greenpeace Case Against Coal-Fired Power Generation, 2008
• The True Cost of Coal, Greenpeace, 2008
• Coal: Research and Development to Support National Energy Policy, Committee on Coal Research, Technology, and Resource Assessments to Inform Energy Policy, National Research Council, 2007
• The Dirty Truth About Coal: Why Yesterday's Technology Should Not Be Part of Tomorrow's Energy Future, The Sierra Club Foundation, 2007
• Gambling with Coal: How Future Climate Laws Will Make New Coal Power Plants More Expensive, (PowerPoint), Steve Clemmer, 2007
• The Future of Coal, MIT, 2007
• Gambling with Coal: How Future Climate Laws Will Make New Coal Power Plants More Expensive, Barbara Freese and Steve Clemmer, Union of Concerned Scientists, 2006
• The Electric Power Sector and Climate Change Mitigation, Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 2005
• Cradle to Grave: The Environmental Impacts from Coal, Clean Air Task Force, 2001
• Hoodwinked in the Hothouse: False Solutions to Climate Change, Rising Tide North America

Air Pollution

Acid rain

• Acid Rain Program: 2005 Progress Report, EPA.
• Dispelling the myths of the acid rain story (part II) Don Munton, 7/1/98

Carbon dioxide

• Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Generation of Electric Power in the United States, Energy Information Administration, July 2000
• Courtney Abrams, America's Biggest Polluters: Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Power Plants in 2007, Environment America Research & Policy Center, November 2009

Carbon Dioxide Emissions Data

• Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Generation of Electric Power in the United States, U.S. Energy Information Agency, July 2000
• CARMA - Carbon Monitoring for Action

Mercury

• Adult Women's Blood Mercury Concentrations Vary Regionally in USA Environmental Health Perspectives, August 25, 2008.
• Mercury in Fish, Bed Sediment, and Water from Streams Across the United States, 1998–2005, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 2009
• Glenn Rice (ScD Candidate) and James K. Hammitt (Director), Economic Valuation of Human Health Benefits of Controlling Mercury Emissions from US Coal-fired Power Plants, Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, February, 2005 (PDF)
• Methymercury exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency informational website
• Catherine O'Neill, Reducing Mercury Emissions From Coal-Fired Power Plants: Yes We Can (And Could Have, Years Ago), Center for Responsive Politics blog, October 26, 2009

Modelling

• Jonathan I. Levy, et al., Using CALPUFF to evaluate the impacts of power plant emissions in Illinois: Model sensitivity and implications, Atmospheric Environment 36 (2002): 1063–1075

Mortality and illness

• County Health Rankings: Mobilizing Action Toward Community Health, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the University of Wisconsin's Population Health Institute, February 2010
• Coal's Assault on Human Health, Physicians for Social Responsibility, November 2009
• Managing the Health Effects of Climate Change, Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission, May 2009
• Dirty Air, Dirty Power: Mortality and Health Damage Due to Air Pollution from Power Plants, Conrad G. Schneider, Abt Associates, June 2004, sponsored by Clean Air Task Force; Synopsis

Particulates

• Particulate Matter Research Program, US EPA, July 2004
• Francine Laden, Joel Schwartz, Frank E. Speizer and Douglas W. Dockery, Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2006
• Daniel Krewski et al, Extended Analysis of the American Cancer Society Study of Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality, Health Effects Institute, 2009
• Particulate Matter Research Program, US EPA, July 2004

Plant rankings

• Dirty Kilowatts: America’s Most Polluting Power Plants, Environmental Integrity Project, July 2007

Prenatal exposure

• Benefits of Reducing Prenatal Exposure to Coal Burning Pollutants to Children's Neurodevelopment in China The Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University, July 14, 2008
• Closing Coal-fired Power Plants Improves Cognitive Development of Children, New Study Suggests ScienceDaily, July 15, 2008.

Visibility

• Dark Horizons: 10 National Parks Most Threatened by New Coal-Fired Power Plants, National Parks Conservation Association, May, 2008 (PDF)

Alternatives to Coal

General studies

• What If There is No Climate/Energy Bill? Northwest U.S. Region Would Fare Best Under Transition to Clean Energy Future Civil Society Institute, July 2010
• Beyond Business as Usual: Investigating a Future without Coal and Nuclear Power in the U.S. Civil Society Institute, May 2010
• Review of Solutions to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security, Mark Z. Jacobson, October 2008
• A Green Energy Alternative for Michigan, NRDC, August 2009
• Carbon Free and Nuclear Free by Arjun Makhijani, Ph.D., Nuclear Policy Research Institute and the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, 2007

Energy Efficiency and Conservation

• A Green Energy Alternative for Michigan, NRDC, August 2009
• Unlocking Energy Efficiency in the U.S. Economy, McKinsey and Company, July 2009
• Costs and Benefits of Electric Utility Energy Efficiency in Massachusetts, Synapse Energy Economics, August 2008
• Energizing Virginia: Efficiency First, American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Summit Blue Consulting, ICF International, Synapse Energy Economics, September 19, 2008
• Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: How Much and At What Cost?, McKinsey and Company, December 2007
• Your city council could save the world, Gristmill July 9, 2008
• Meeting the 2030 Challenge Through Building Codes, Architecture 2030, June 20, 2008
• The 2030 Challenge Stimulus Plan: Transition Team Brief, Architecture 2030, December 2008

Geothermal Power

• The Future of Geothermal Energy: Impact of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) on the United States in the 21st Century, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006

Photovoltaic Power

• Power from rooftops could replace coal, Gar Lipow, Gristmill, 6/30/08
• The glittering future of solar power, Entropy Production, 5/15/07
• Tracking the Sun: The Installed Cost of Photovoltaics in the U.S. from 1998-2007, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2/09
• UPDATE: EFFECTIVE LOAD CARRYING CAPABILITY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS IN THE UNITED STATES Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, 2010

Solar Thermal Power or Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

• On the Rise: Solar Thermal Power and the Fight Against Global Warming, Environment America, Spring 2008 (PDF file)
• List of Solar Thermal Power Stations, Wikipedia
• Schott White paper on Solar Thermal Plant Technology
• The Solar Project, Wikipedia
• Solar Vision Study US DOE, 2010

Wind power

• 20% Windpwer by 2030, U.S. Department of Energy, March, 2008
• Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, November 2007
• The Long-Term Economic Effects of Wind Versus Mountaintop Removal Coal on Coal River Mountain, West Virginia, Downstream Strategies, December 2008

California and Coal

See also: California and coal

• Clearing California’s Coal Shadow from the American West, Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Technologies, Environmental Defense, and Western Resource Advocates, 2005
• Implementation of SB 1368 Emission Performance Standard, Gary Collord, California Energy Commission, November 2006

Cap & Trade

See also: Carbon trading

• Keeping Our Eyes on the Wrong Ball: Why Acid Rain is the Wrong Template and the 1990 CFC-Tax is Closer to the Mark - and Why Cap-and-Trade Won’t Solve the Climate Crisis But Carbon Fees with 100% Rebate Can, Laurie Williams & Allan Zabel, May 4, 2008
• An Open Letter to Congress, Laurie Williams & Allan Zabel, May 4, 2008
• Senate Greenhouse Gas Cap-and-Trade Proposals in the 110th Congress, Pew Center on Global Climate Change
• Hoodwinked in the Hothouse: False Solutions to Climate Change, Rising Tide North America
• The Estimated Costs to Households From the Cap-and-Trade Provisions of H.R. 2454, Congressional Budget Office, June 19, 2009

Carbon Capture and Storage

See also: Clean coal

• Comparison of Renewable Energy Technologies with Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS), Wuppertal Institute, August 2010
• The Economics of 350: The Benefits and Costs of Climate Stabilization, Economics for Equity and the Environment, October 2009
• Graham Thompson, Burying Carbon Dioxide in Underground Aquifers: Political Folly or Climate Change Fix?, Program on Water Issues, University of Toronto, September 23, 2009
• Retrofitting of Coal-Fired Power Plants for CO2 Emissions Reductions, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, March 23, 2009
• Carbon Capture and Storage: Key Issues and Challenges (conference proceedings) The Edison Foundation, March 3-4, 2008
• Carbon Dioxide Capture From Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants, Department of Energy National Energy Testing Laboratory, DOE/NETL-401/110907, November 2007
• Coal Power in a Warming World: A Sensible Transition to Cleaner Energy Options, Barbara Freese, Steve Clemmer, Alan Nogee, Union of Concerned Scientists, October 15 2008
• Coal Without Carbon: An Investment Plan for Federal Action, Clean Air Task Force, September 2009
• Comparison of Carbon Capture and Storage with Renewable Energy Technologies in the Year 2020 by Way of a Life Cycle and a Cost Assessment, Peter Viebahn et al (PDF file)
• Comparison of carbon capture and storage with renewable energy technologies regarding structural, economic, and ecological aspects in Germany Peter Vieban et al, Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control (2007)
• Energy Systems Analysis of CCS Technology, Energy-Economy-Environment Modelling Laboratory, 10/10/07
• False Hope: Why carbon capture and storage won't save the climate, Emily Rochon, Greenpeace, May 2008
• Federal Actions Will Greatly Affect the Viability of Carbon Capture and Storage As a Key Mitigation Option, U.S. Government Accountability Office, September 30, 2008
• A last chance for coal: Making carbon capture and storage a reality August 2008
• No Time Like the Present: NRDC's Answer to MIT's "Future of Coal" Report March 2007
• What Are Current CO2 Capture and Storage Technology Costs? EPRI, Congressional Staff Briefing, May 22, 2008
• Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada, National Energy Technology Laboratory
• Sequestering Carbon Dioxide in a Closed Underground Volume,, M.J. Economides, C.A. Ehlig-Economides, Society of Petroleum Engineers, October 2009
• Permanent carbon dioxide storage in deep-sea sediments, Kurt Zenz House, Daniel Schrag, Charles Harvey, Klaus Lackner, Harvard University, June 27, 2006
• Realistic Costs of Carbon Capture, Mohammed Al-Juaied, Adam Whitmore, Belfer Center at Harvard University, July 2009

China and coal

See also: China and coal

• The True Cost of Coal Commissioned by Greenpeace, WWF, and the Energy Foundation; written by the Unirule Institute of Economics, the Energy Research Institute of the NRDC, et al., September 2008

Coal Combustion Waste

• Coal Ash: The toxic threat to our health and environment, Barbara Gottlieb et al, Physicians for Social Responsibility and Earthjustice, September 2010
• Out of Control: Mounting Damages From Coal Ash Waste Sites Environmental Integrity Project & Earthjustice, February 2010
• Proposal for the Federal Regulation of Coal Combustion Waste joint submission to the U.S. EPA by Earthjustice et al 12/07
• The Impacts on Water Quality From Placement of Coal Combustion Waste In Pennsylvania Coal Clean Air Task Force, Earthjustice 7/07 Fact Sheet
• Water Quality Impacts of Coal Combustion Waste Disposal in Two West Virginia Coal Mines Hansen, Evan and M. Christ. Downstream Strategies, April 2005

Power Economics and Plant Financing

Coal Costs

• Average Cost of Coal Delivered for Electricity Generation by State, U.S. Energy Information Administration

Comparative Electrical Generation Costs

Also see: Comparative electrical generating costs

• Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis, version 3.0, Lazard, February 2009.
• Increasing Costs in Electric Markets, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, June 19, 2008
• What Are Current CO₂ Capture and Storage Technology Costs? EPRI, Congressional Staff Briefing, May 22, 2008
• Tracking the Sun: The Installed Cost of Photovoltaics in the U.S. from 1998-2007, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2/09
• Coal Plants in Transition: An Economic Case Study, Natural Capitalism Solutions, March 2010
• Southeast Energy Efficiency Study: Energy Efficiency in the South, Southeast Energy Efficiency Alliance, April 12, 2010

Economic Impacts of Coal Imports

• Burning Coal, Burning Cash: Ranking the States that Import the Most Coal, Union of Concerned Scientists, May 2010; read CoalSwarm's article on this report here.

Financing

• Deploying IGCC in this Decade with 3Party Covenant Financing, Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government, July 2004

Utilities and Electricity Infrastructure

Electricity System

• Near-Term Implications of a Ban on New Coal-Fired power Plants in the United States, Environmental Science and Technology, April 27, 2009
• Tax Shift: Eliminating Subsidies and Moving to Full Cost Electricity Pricing, Ontario Clean Air Alliance Research, March 3, 2008

Utility Economics, Regulation, and Structure

• Annual Energy Outlook 2009, with Projections to 2030, U.S. Energy Information Administration, March 2009
• The Changing Structure of the Electric Power Industry 2000, An Update, U.S. Energy Information Administration, October 2000
• Near-Term Implications of a Ban on New Coal-Fired power Plants in the United States, Environmental Science and Technology, April 27, 2009

Coal Industry

Coal Industry Planning and Policy Documents

• Opportunities to Expedite the Construction of New Coal-Based Power Plants, National Coal Council, 2004

Coal Reserves and "Peak Coal"

See also: Coal reserves

• Leslie Glustrom, Coal Supply Constraints: Cheap & Abundant, Or is it?, Clean Energy Action, February 2009.
• James Luppens et al, Assessment of Coal Geology, Resources, and Reserves in the Gillette Coalfield, Powder River Basin, Wyoming, US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1202, 2008
• A supply-driven forecast for the future global coal production (preprint) Mikael Hööka et al
• 2007 Coal Producers Survey, National Mining Association, 2008
• Coal: Resources and Future Production Energy Watch Group 3/07
• Hubbert's Peak, The Coal Question, and Climate Change, Dave Rutledge, October 2007
• The Coal Question and Climate Change, Dave Rutledge (text version posted on Oil Drum blog), June 25, 2007.
• Assessment of Coal Geology, Resources, and Reserves in the Gillette Coalfield, Powder River Basin, Wyoming, Luppens, J. A.., Scott, D. C., Haacke, J. E., Osmonson, L. M., Rohrbacher, T. J., and Ellis, M. S., U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1202, 2008 (PDF file)
• Implications of “peak oil” for atmospheric CO2 and climate, Pushker A. Kharecha and James E. Hansen, Global Biochemical Cycles, August 5, 2008
• Peak coal, Wikipedia

Coal Moratorium

• Near-Term Implications of a Ban on New Coal-Fired power Plants in the United States, Environmental Science and Technology, April 27, 2009

Environmental Justice

See also: Environmental justice and coal

• International Environmental Justice and Climate Change, Center for Progressive Regulation.
• The Ten Principles of Just Climate Policies in the U.S., Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative.
• Air of Injustice: African Americans and Power Plant Pollution, Clean Air Task Force, 2002
• Environmental Justice and the Green Economy: A Vision Statement and Case Studies for Just and Sustainable Solutions, Communities for a Better Environment, Power U, Alternatives for Community & Environment, Environmental Health Coalition, Kentuckians for the Commonwealth, West Harlem Environmental Action, Detroiters Working for Environmental Justice, Asian Pacific Environmental Network, 2010.

Externalities

See also: External costs of coal

• Hidden Costs of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use, National Academy of Sciences, 2009
• The Hidden Costs of Electricity: Externalities of Power Generation in Australia, Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (ATSE), March 2009
• Externalities of Energy: Extension of accounting framework and Policy Applications, European Community study, 2005 (PDF file)
• Peter Rafaj and Socrates Kypreos, Internalisation of external cost in the power generation sector: Analysis with Global Multi-regional MARKAL Model, Energy Economics Modelling Group, General Energy Department, Paul Scherrer Institute

Global Warming

• The Economics of 350: The Benefits and Costs of Climate Stabilization, Economics for Equity and the Environment, October 2009
• Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, United States Global Change Research Program, June 2009
• Managing the Health Effects of Climate Change, Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission, May 2009
• A Climate of Change: African Americans, Global Warming, and a Just Climate Policy for the U.S, Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative, July 2008
• The Cost of Climate Change: What We'll Pay if Global Warming Continues Unchecked, NRDC May 2008
• Global Warming Solutions that Work: Cutting-Edge Efforts to Curb Global Warming Pollution and the Lessons they Hold for America, Environment America Research and Policy Center, June 2008
• Reframing the climate change challenge in light of post-2000 emission trends, Kevin Anderson and Alice Bows, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 2008
• Target Atmospheric CO₂: Where Should Humanity Aim?, James Hansen et al, Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2008
• Understanding and Responding to Climate Change, 2008 Edition, The National Academies, May 2008
• Hoodwinked in the Hothouse: False Solutions to Climate Change, Rising Tide North America

History

• Energy Generating a Culture: Early American Coal Miners and Coal Mining Culture, Yale-New Haven Teacher's Institute

Individual Coal Plant Proposals

Jamestown plant

• CO$T OF POWER for Jamestown Board of Public Utilities Electricity Supply Options Proposed Coal-Fired Power Plant Is Most Expensive Option Even with Federal Subsidies, Clean Energy For Jamestown, September 17, 2009. Study concerning Clean Coal Plant Project (Jamestown, New York)

Little Gypsy Repowering

• The Mysterious Little Gypsy: An Analysis of Future Costs Associated with Electricity from the Little Gypsy Power Plant and Other Types of Generation, HISTECON Associates, January 2009. Study concerning Louisiana's Little Gypsy Repowering.

Mohave Generating Station

• Southwest Weathers Closure of Mohave Generating Station, Energy Information Administration, June 24, 2009

Navajo Nation plants

• Renewable Energy and Economic Alternatives for the Navajo Nation, Dine C.A.R.E. (Citizens Against Ruining our Environment), September 9, 2008

Pee Dee Generating Facility

• An Assessment of Santee Cooper’s 2008 Resource Planning, David Schlissel, Rachel Wilson, Lucy Johnston, and David White, Synapse Energy Economics, April 22, 2009 (PDF). Study concerning South Carolina's Pee Dee Generating Facility.

Smith Station

• An Analysis of the Economic Impact of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy in the East Kentucky Power Cooperative Region, Ochs Center for Metropolitan Studies, July 2009. Study concerning Kentucky's Smith Station.
• The Right Decision for Changing Times: How East Kentucky Power Cooperative Ratepayers Benefit from Canceling Plans for a New Coal Burning Power Plant In Clark County, Tom Sanzillo, TR Rose Associates, April 7, 2009. Study concerning Kentucky's Smith Station.

Surry County Plant (Cypress Creek)

• Cypress Creek Power Plant Modeling: Pollutant Deposition to the Chesapeake Bay and Sensitive Watersheds within the Commonwealth of Virginia, H. Andrew Gray, Ph.D. for Chesapeake Bay Foundation, August 2009. Study concerning Virginia's Surry County Plant.
• The Financial Risks to Old Dominion Electric Cooperative’s Consumer-Members of Building and Operating the Proposed Cypress Creek Power Station, David Schlissel and Lucy Johnston, Synapse Energy Economics, April 22, 2009. Study concerning Virginia's Surry County Plant.

Wise County Plant

• Assessing the Economic Impact of Dominion Virginia Power’s Coal-Fired Power Plant in Wise County, Virginia, Compared to Investments in Energy Efficiency, Abt Associates, March 2009. Study concerning Virginia's Wise County Plant.

Jobs

See also: Coal and jobs in the United States

• An Analysis of the Economic Impact of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy in the East Kentucky Power Cooperative Region, Ochs Center for Metropolitan Studies, July 2009.
• Job Opportunities for the Green Economy, Political Economy Research Institute, June 2008 (PDF file)
• Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency: Economic Drivers for the 21st Century, Roger Bezdek, Principal Investigator, Management Information Services, Inc. for the American Solar Energy Society, 2007 (PDF file)

Lifecycle Analysis of Coal-Fired Power Production

• Life Cycle Analysis of Coal-Fired Power Production, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, June 1999

Mountaintop Removal

Also see : Mountaintop removal

• Mountaintop Mining Consequences, Science 8 January 2010: Vol. 327. no. 5962, pp. 148 - 149
• The Long-Term Economic Effects of Wind Versus Mountaintop Removal Coal on Coal River Mountain, West Virginia, Downstream Strategies, December 2008
• Rory McIlmoil and Evan Hansen, The Decline of Central Appalachian Coal and the Need for Economic Diversification, Downstream Strategies, January 2010

No-Coal and Reduced-Coal Scenarios

See also: Coal phase-out

• Beyond Business as Usual: Investigating a Future without Coal and Nuclear Power in the U.S., Synapse Energy Economics, May 5, 2010.
• Beyond Coal: Power, Public Health, and the Environment, Ontario Public Health Association, 2002
• Clean Energy 2030, Google, 2008
• Climate 2030: A National Blueprint for a Clean Energy Economy, Union of Concerned Scientists, 2009
• The Energy Revolution: A Sustainable World Energy Outlook, Greenpeace International and European Renewable Energy Council, June 2008 (includes 13 national studies and 6 regional studies)
• Let buildings heat and cool themselves: How to kill coal in 10 years, Jon Ryann, Gristmill, February 20, 2008
• Repower America: Analysis, WeCanSolveIt.org, 2008
• Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security Mark Z. Jacobson, Energy and Environmental Science, December 1, 2008.
• Jon Ryann's heat pump scenario spreadsheet
• Scenarios for a low carbon, no-nuke future Gristmill, Gar Lipow, July 14, 2008
• A Solar Grand Plan Ken Zweibel, James Mason and Vasilis Fthenakis, Scientific American, December 2007
• Tackling Climate Change in the U.S.: Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions from Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by 2030, American Solar Energy Society, January 2007
• The War on Coal: Think Outside the (Coal) Pits, Khosla Ventures, 2007 (PDF file)
• Time for Plan B: Cutting Carbon Emissions 80% by 2020, Lester R. Brown, Janet Larsen, Jonathan G. Dorn, and Frances C. Moore, Earth Policy Institute, July 2008
• Energy (R)evolution: A Sustainable USA Energy Outlook, Greenpeace, March 2009
• Bright Future: How to keep the Northwest’s lights on, jobs growing, goods moving and salmon swimming in the era of climate change, NW Energy Coalition, March 2009
• Near-Term Implications of a Ban on New Coal-Fired power Plants in the United States, Environmental Science and Technology, April 27, 2009

Philanthropy

See also: Philanthropy and the No-Coal Movement and Philanthropy and coal

• Design to Win: Philanthropy's Role in the Fight Against Global Warming, California Energy Associates, August 2007
• Taking Action on Climate Change, William and Flora Hewlett Foundation (PDF file)

Proposed Coal Plants

• Tracking New Coal-Fired Power Plants, National Energy Technology Laboratory, January 5, 2009

Railroads

See also: Railroads and coal

• Rail Transportation of Coal to Power Plants: Reliability Issues, Congressional Research Service, September 26, 2007

Regulation

• Nathaniel O. Keohane, Richard L. Revesz, and Robert N. Stavins, The Choice of Regulatory Instruments in Environmental Policy, Harvard Environmental Law Review, 1998
• Rachel Escobar and Sue Gander, Clean and Secure State Energy Actions: 2010 Update. The National Governors Association Center for Best Practices (NGA Center) Report, August 2010

Subsidies

• Estimating U.S. Government Subsidies to Energy Sources: 2002-2008, Environmental Law Institute, September 2009
• Reducing Coal Subsidies and Trade Barriers: Their Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Abatement Brookings Institute, November 1997; (Abstract); Also includes information on the significant releases of methane from coal mining

Transmission

See also: Coal and transmission

• Paul M. Grant, Chauncey Starr, and Thomas J. Overbye, A Power Grid for the Hydrogen Economy, ScientificAmerican.com, 6/26/06
• Susan Tierney, A 21st Century “Interstate Electric Highway System” – Connecting Consumers and Domestic Clean Power Supplies, Analysis Group, October 31, 2008
• Green Power Superhighways, American Wind Energy Association and the Solar Energy Industries Association, February 2009
• Transmission Super Highways, ITC Holdings, March 2009

Utility Carbon Planning

• Marginal Carbon Dioxide Production Rates of the Northwest Power System, NW Power and Conservation Council, June 2008
• Henry Lee and Shashi Verma, Coal or gas: the cost of cleaner power in the Midwest, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2000