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U.S. Army General '''[http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0880745.html Eric Shinseki]''' "graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1965 with a bachelor's degree. He earned an M.A. in English literature from Duke University. He has also taken the Armor Officer Advanced Course and attended the Army Command and General Staff College and the [[National War College]]. He received two Purple Hearts and four Bronze Star Medals for his service in Vietnam. He then served for more than ten years in Europe. Shinseki was named a lieutenant general and deputy chief of staff for operations and planning in 1996. The following year, he was promoted to general, later being made commander of the U.S. Army in Europe, the allied land forces in Central Europe, and the [[NATO]] force in Bosnia. In 1998 he was named vice chief of staff of the army, and chief of staff in 1999." On August 1, 2003, General Shinseki was replaced as Army Chief of Staff by General [[Peter J. ShoomakerSchoomaker]].