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'''Nicotine manipulation''' refers to the ways in which nicotine, or the delivery of nicotine to the smoker, are intentionally altered. Nicotine is manipulated through various means, including genetic alteration of tobacco plants, adjustment of smoke pH (for example using [[Freebase nicotine|freebasing]]), manipulation of sugars in tobacco or the use of additives to enhance nicotine's effects.<ref>David Tannenbaum [http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm1998/98july-aug/smoke3-side2.html Smoking Guns II: Nicotine Manipulation] Multinational Monitor, July/August, 1998; Volume 19, Number 7 & 8</ref><ref>P. Lipiello, R.J. Reynolds [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/udx93d00 RDM89 267. Enhancement of Nicotine Binding to Nicotinic Receptors by Nicotine Levulinate and Levulinic Acid] Scientific report. 27 pp. September 25, 1989. Bates No. 508295794/5820</ref> Goals of nicotine manipulation include enhancement of the physical motivation for smoking, bolstering the long-term use of cigarettes (addiction maintenance)<ref>U.S. Food and Drug Administration [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xzz32c00 Federal Regsiater Part II 21 CFR Part 801, ET AL. Regulations restricting the sale and distribution of cigarettes and smokeless tobaco to protect children and adolescents, Final Rule], Published regulation, August 28, 1996. 83 pp. Philip Morris Bates No. 2072325873/5955, at PDF page #16</ref>, prevention of smoking cessation, improved ability to use poorer-quality tobaccos, and maintenance of "satisfaction of the consumer."<ref>Doug Campbell [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fkh91b00 Documents discuss nicotine levels and marketing to teens] Newspaper article. Greensboro ''News and Record''; June 28, 1998. Lorillard Bates No. 86591895/1904 at pages 3 and 4</ref><ref>R.J. Reynolds [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rlq93d00 REST Process Program, July 31, 1992 (920731). Report. 7 pp. July 31, 1992. Bates No. 508400881/0887</ref>
==Use Philip Morris' use of diammonium phosphate to manipulate nicotine impact==
[[Philip Morris]] was the first to discover that the application of [[diammonium phosphate]] (DAP) on tobacco gave the smoker a more rapid impact from nicotine after first lighting up. According to a British American Tobacco (DAP) document, the history the use of DAP "trac[es] back to the early 1960's, at which point in time diammonium phosphate was first patented by Philip Morris (1) for its ability to release pectin during [tobacco] sheet formation and thus provide a natural binder capable of holding the cast sheet together." The use of DAP led to the accidental discovery that the chemical favorably altered smoke taste and flavor. Subsequently, Philip Morris devoted much effort to optimizing this discovery.
"Ammonia increases impact because it increases smoke pH which enhances impact."
==Brown & Williamson's Y-1 Tobacco==
In 1999, [[Brown & Williamson]]'s director of leaf blending, [[Roger Black]], gave a deposition in a class-action suit in New York against the major tobacco companies in which he said that since 1981, B&W had been working on developing a genetically altered, nicotine-enriched strain of tobacco plant that the company code-named Y-1. In 1984 and 1985, Y-1 was grown in the United States and was added to domestic cigarette brands. Later B&W had a Brazilian company grow large quantities of Y-1 tobacco destined for the world market. The plants were grown from seed originally supplied by Brown & Williamson. It has been illegal to export tobacco seeds from the United States without a permit.
B&W did not inform the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) of this genetic alternation in their products. Rather, it wasn't until 1994 that the FDA first discovered that B&W had been using the nicotine-rich leaf in American cigarettes during the years 1993 and 1994. After the FDA told Congress about the company's use of the genetically-engineered tobacco, B&W admitted that up to 11% of the content of five of its brands was Y-1. At that point, the company assured the FDA that it would stop using Y-1.However, Black's deposition showed that the company quietly resumed use of the high-nicotine tobacco a year later. B&W claimed the company did not use Y-1 to increase the amount of nicotine in its commercial cigarettes. Federal regulation barred the growth of such altered nicotine in the United States, and the U.S. Department of Justice charged that B&W had the tobacco grown outside of the country to conceal its development.
Black, in his deposition, said the company had also used Y-1 in 1992. He said executives ordered the 1994 halt because they feared bad publicity.<ref>Associated Press/USA Today [http://www.usatoday.com/news/smoke/smoke94.htm Firm exports high-nicotine cigarettes], 1999</ref><ref>J. Vicini [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yoc60d00 U.S. government brings first tobacco criminal charges] Reuters Financial Report. January 7, 1998. Bates No. 522608892/8893</ref>
