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{{#badges: Climate change |CoalSwarm}}<divstyle="float:right;width:100px;margin:0 0 1em 1em">[[ImageFile:Michaels.jpg|frame|right|alt=Patrick J. Michaels|Source: Cato Institute]]</div>
Michaels' firm does not disclose who its clients are'(For more information, but leaked documents have revealed that several were power utilities which operate coal power stationssee [[Patrick J. On a 2007 academic CV, Michaels disclosed that prior to creating his firm he had received funding from the [[Edison Electric Institute- career history]] and the [[Western Fuels Association]]. He has also been a frequent speaker with leading coal and energy companies as well as coal and other industry lobby groupsPatrick J.<ref name="SEJ">[http://www.sej.org/initiatives/climate-change/patrick-michaels-cv-plain-text-file-climate-change-guideskeptics-and-cont "Patrick Michaels CV Plain Text File-Climate Change Guide/Skeptics and Contrarians"funding]], Society of Environmental Journalists, accessed May 2009.</ref>)''
== From Between December 1998<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19981205034857/http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/ "Scientific Advisers"], Greening Earth Society, website archived from December 1998.</ref> and September 2001<ref>Greening Earth Society, [http://web.archive.org/web/20010925234237/http://greeningearthsociety.org/ "Scientific Advisers"], Greening Earth Society, website archived from September 2001.</ref> he was listed as a "Scientific Advisor" to the [[Greening Earth Society]], a group that was funded and controlled by the [[Western Fuels Association]] (WFA), an association of coal-burning utility companies. WFA founded the Halls group in 1997, according to an archived version of Academic To its website, "as a vehicle for advocacy on climate change, the Speaker Circuitenvironmental impact of CO2, and fossil fuel use."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20050308200600/www.greeningearthsociety.org/join.html "Join GES"], Greening Earth Society website, archived from March 2005.</ref>===List by date===''Much of this duplicates the text above.''
Michaels was, until late 2007, a Professor of Environmental Science at the * [[University The Advancement of Virginia Department of Environmental SciencesSound Science Coalition]]. A biographical note at that time described Michaels , "research interestssupporter" as being , 1993;<ref name="The core issue over the next ten years will not be TASSC Supporters"How much will the climate warm?" but/>* Lecturer, ratherEuropean Academy of Ecology, "Why did it warm so little?" My research also leads me to believe that the next decade will see the emergence of a paradigm of "robust earthGermany," as opposed to the fashionable "fragility" concept 1993... It is entirely possible that human influence on the atmosphere is not necessarily deleterious and that it is simply another component of the dynamic planet. Tomorrow's scientific and science-policy leaders will have to recognize this verity in our attempts to maintain a productive and diverse planet."<refname="APCO">Tom Hockaday, [http://weblegacy.library.archiveucsf.orgedu/webtid/20071109231413awf22d00/http:pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22 "International Meeting in Europe on Sound Science"], APCO Associates/GCI Group, May 9, 1994.</wwwref>* Lecturer, [[World Coal Conference]], New Orleans, LA, 1993.evsc.virginia.edu<ref name="APCO"/>* Advisory Board, [[Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow]]<ref name="CFACT"/faculty>* Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin, 1976-1979; Research and Project Assistant;<ref name="SEJ"/people>* [[University of Virginia Department of Environmental Sciences]] (Assistant Professor, l980-1986; Associate Professor, 1986-1995; Professor, 1996 -2007);<ref name="SEJ"/michaels.shtml >* Virginia State Climatologist 1980- 2007;<ref name="Research InterestsSEJ"/>* Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies, [[Cato Institute]], University of Virgina1992 - Present<ref name="SEJ"/>* Visiting Scientist, [[Marshall Institute]], accessed November 1996 - 2007(at least).<ref name="SEJ"/ref>
Between 1977 and == History - from the late 1980Halls of Academe To the Speaker Circuit=='s most of 'See [[Patrick J. Michaels publications related to the impacts of climate variations on the yields of wheat, corn and soybean, the spread of southern pine beetle infestations, gypsy moth research and thunderstorm patterns- career history]]. During this period most ''==Funding - including varying (year&content) statements by Michaels re source of his funding was from the U.S. Department of Agriculture=='s Forest Service, the Virginia State Climatology Office. He also undertook work for NASA and the United States Department of Commerce's See [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationPatrick J. Michaels - funding]] on climatology projects.- includes "expert witness" stint for 2007 Vermont auto industry lawsuit''
From the mid==Climate change -1980's onplaying down importance=====Climate views===In August 2004, Michaels become involved in more topical projects. In 1986 and 1987 he authored papers and a report on siting considerations for a high-level nuclear waste dump.<ref>Patrick J. Michaels, told ''Climatological Considerations for Siting a Crystalline Repository for High-Level Nuclear Waste in the Commonwealth of VirginiaBusiness Week'', Report "We know how much the planet is going to the Governor's Task Force on the Crystalline Repository Projectwarm. 26pp.</ref><ref>Patrick J. MichaelsIt is a small amount, "Climate and the Eastern Repository for High Level Nuclear Waste", Proceedings, 5th Conference on Applied Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Baltimore MD, 35-39we can't do anything about it.</ref><ref>"Climate and the Eastern Repository: A Comparative Study", ''Environmental Management'', Volume 15, pages 627-636.</ref> In 1988 Michaels became more active in writing on global warming issues. The following year he was involved in the writing of a technical report the impact of sulfur dioxide emissions in Virginia <ref>Origin John Carey and Destination of Pollutant-Bearing Airstreams Impacting and Exiting the Commonwealth of Virginia, Final Report to Virginia Air Pollution Control Board. 131ppSarah R. Additional Technical AppendixShapiro, 1800pp.<[http://ref>, and the following year was involved in a project funded to the tune of $40,000 by the [[Cyprus Minerals]] Companywww.<ref>Patrick Michaels, "Jet Stream Alterations Induced by Anthropogenerated Sulfur Emissions", for Cyprus Mineralsbusinessweek.<com/magazine/content/ref><ref name="SEJ"04_33/> But during 1989 and 1990 it was as a global warming skeptic that Michaels was really making a name for himselfb3896001_mz001.<ref>Patrick Michaels, "Anthropogenic Warming in North Alaska?", ''Journal of Climate'', Volume 1, pages 942-945.</ref><ref>Patrick Michaels, htm "The Greenhouse Effect: Chicken Little and our Response to 'Global Warming'"], ''Journal of ForestryBusinessweek'', Volume 87August 16, pages 35-392004.</ref><ref>Patrick Michaels, "The Science and Politics of Global Change", 7th International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh, Volume 1, page 173-182.</ref><ref>Patrick Michaels, "Crisis in Politics of Global Climate Change Looms on the Horizon", Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy, Volume 4, 14-23.</ref><ref>Patrick Michaels, "The Science and Politics of the Greenhouse Effect: Collision Course? In Environmental Consequences of Energy Production", University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 1990, pages 115-138.</ref><ref>Patrick Michaels, "The Greenhouse Effect and Global Change: Review and Reappraisal", International Journal of Environmental Studies, 1990, Volume 36, 55-71.</ref><ref>Patrick Michaels, "Climatic Change and Climatic Uncertainty: A Regional Perspective", Proceedings, 21st meeting, Advisory Committee on Water Data for Public Use, U.S. Geological Survey, New Orleans, LA, 36-59.</ref> In 1989 Michaels made several appearances before Congressional committees, an appearance at a [[Brookings Institution]] event and invitations to speak to a smattering of industry groups. Some of the invitations he accepted were to speak to the Executive Board of the [[National Coal Association]] in Phoenix, Arizona, the annual meeting of the [[Western Fuels Association]] in Denver and the International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, the [[Edison Electric Institute]] and [[Basin Electric Power Cooperative]].<ref name="SEJ"/> Subsequently, Michaels was a favoured speaker for corporate, think tank and conservative advocacy group events. Between 1990 and 1993, Michaels spoke at events organized by the [[Consumer Alert]], the [[North Carolina Coal Institute]], the [[Pacific Research Institute]], the [[Kentucky Coal Operators Association]], the [[Chemical Manufacturers Association]], the [[Virginia Coal Council]], the [[National Rural Electric Cooperative Association]], AMAX Energy Corporation, [[Consolidation Coal Corporation]], [[Cincinnati Gas and Electric]], [[Chief Executive Conference on Global Warming]], the [[National Association of Manufacturers]], the [[National Aerosol Association]], the [[Massie Coal Corporation]], the [[Indiana Coal Mining Institute]], the [[Arizona Electric Power Cooperative]], the [[U.S. Chamber of Commerce]], the [[Virginia Petroleum Council]], the [[Heritage Foundation]], the [[American Legislative Exchange Council]], the [[Wyoming Mining Association]], [[Virginia Power]], [[Amax Energy Corporation]], [[American Electric Power]], [[Alabama Electric Power Cooperative]], the [[American Policy Center]], the [[World Coal Conference]], [[American Public Power Association]], [[American Mining Congress]], [[Maine Conservation Rights Institute]], the [[Federalist Society]], the [[Kentucky Mining Institute]], [[Denver Coal Club]] and the [[Ashland Oil Corporation]].<ref name="SEJ"/> (See [[Patrick Michaels speaking engagements]] for further details).
Michaels was also In a July 2010 Wall Street Journal article entitled "supporterThe Climategate Whitewash Continues" Pat Michaels said " of [[The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition]], an industry-funded PR [[front group]] created in 1993 and run by the [[APCO Worldwide]] public relations firm. It worked 's impossible to hang the label of find anything wrong if you really aren't looking."[[junk science]]" on environmentalists. The group is now defunct.<ref name=>"TASSC Supporters">[http://legacyonline.librarywsj.ucsf.educom/tidarticle/mdp02a00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22 SB10001424052748704075604575356611173414140.html]"Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC) Supporters List"], June 30, 1993. Bates Number 2024233615/3618.</ref>
A furor was raised when it was revealed in 2006 that, at customer expense, Patrick Multiple emails sent to Michaels asking whether he'd been aware this was quietly paid $100,000 by an electric utility, [[Intermountain Rural Electric Association]] (IREA), which burns coal to help confuse why the issue of global warming. In a nine-page [http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/b/b0/Irea.pdf memo]editors resigned, before he composed the general manager of the Colorado-based IREA coWall Street Journal op-operativeed, Stanley Lewandowski Jr., railed against the the scientific consensus supporting the need to curb greenhouse gasesdid not elicit a response. The memo, which was circulated in mid-July 2006 to more than 900 members of the [[National Rural Electric Cooperative Association]], was leaked to <iref>ABC News</i>. "We decided to support Dr. [[Patrick Michaels]] and his group (New Hope Environmental ServicesEmails from ahaynes, Inc.) ... In February of this year, IREA alone contributed $100,000 to Dr. Michaels." Lewandowski also wrote that IREA had rattled the tin for Michaels amongst other groups 2009 and "have obtained additional contributions and pledges for Dr. Michaels group." The memo also reports on others campaigning against taking action to limit climate change. "The [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] (CEI) has been running two ads in ten states that were financed by [[General Motors]] and the [[Ford]] Motor Company," he wrote.<ref>Clayton Sandell and Bill Blakemore, [http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/GlobalWarming/story?id=2242565&page=1 "ABC News Reporting Cited As Evidence In Congressional Hearing On Global Warming"], ''ABC News'' August 3, 2006.</ref> <ref>Stanley R. Lewandowksi, [http://achangeinthewind.typepad.com/achangeinthewind/files/lewandowski_memo.pdf "Memo"], Intermountain Rural Electric Association, July 17, 2006.2010</ref>
Asked about his funding on ''CNN'' in August 2002 =====March 2009: Cato Institute ad, and RealClimate rebuttal=====In March 2009, Michaels rejected , under the suggestion that industry funding influenced his work. "Well, you know, most auspices of my funding, the vast majority[[Cato Institute]], comes from taxpayer-supported entities. I would make the argument circulated a draft advertisement that if funding colors research, I should be certainly biased more towards stated: "Surface temperature changes over the taxpayers, of which I am one, than towards industrypast century have been episodic and modest and there has been no net global warming for over a decade now ... The computer models forecasting rapid temperature change abjectly fail to explain recent climate behavior. But the fact of the matter is, numbers are objective," he said.<ref>Kate O'BeirneCato Institute, [http://www.catorealclimate.org/researchdocs/articles/michaels-020819cato_ad.pdf "With all due respect Mr.html Interview with Patrick Michaels]President, that is not true."Capital Gang"], CNN''Real Climate'', August 19, 2002March 2009.</ref> In an August 2010 interview with CNN, Michaels estimated that about 40% of his funding came from The ad statements were analyzed and criticized in detail at the oil industryRealClimate blog.<ref>Brad Johnson, [http://thinkprogresswww.realclimate.org/2010index.php/archives/082009/1603/oilwith-fueledall-patdue-michaels/ Cato’s Pat Michaels admits 40 percent of funding comes from big oilrespect "With all due respect…"], August 16''RealClimate'', March 24, 20102009.</ref> ===Working for the Auto Industry===Followup to Cato ad: RealClimate rebuttal of Feb 2009 Michaels testimony======In 2007 Michaels was retained by Green Mountain Chrysler Plymouth Dodge Jeep, Green Mountain Ford Mercury, Joe Tornabene's GMC, support of the [[Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers]]statements, the [[DaimlerChyrslerChip Knappenberger]] Corporation and of [[General MotorsWorld Climate Report]] Corporation as an "expert witness" in a case where the auto manufacturers and dealers were suing George Crombie, the Secretary of the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources and others in a bid referred readers to prevent the state regulating greenhouse gasesrecent (Feb. In the process of the discovery of documents and during his deposition ) testimony by Michaels provided details of "New Hope's funding sources and the amount of their funding." However, this information was not publicly available but treated as confidential information. However, in late 2006 Greenpeace filed a motion seeking access to details of the funders House of Michaels firm.Representatives Energy and Environment sub-committee<ref name="PMAffadavit">[http://> In an affidavit Michaels stated that "as the case moved closer to trial, I learned in conversations with plaintiff's counsel that New Hope's confidential information might not remain confidential if I testified at trialenergycommerce. Consequently, on or around April 7, 2007, I informed plaintiffs counsel that I would not testify at trialhouse. My sole reason in doing so was concern that my trial testimony would result in the loss of confidentiality for the New Hope informationgov/Press_111/20090212/testimony_michaels.pdf "<ref name="PMAffadavit"/> Michaels affidavit stated that "large companies are understandably adverse to negative publicityTestimony of Patrick J. Thus, the global warming controversy has created an environment in which companies who wish to support New Hope's research and advocacy about global warming science are increasingly willing to do so only if their support remains confidential."<ref name="PMAffadavit"/> Michaels complained that "public disclosure of a company's funding of New Hope and its employees has already caused considerable financial loss to New Hope. For example, in 2006 [[Tri-State Generation & Transmission Association]], Inc., an electric utility, had requested that its support House of $50,000 to New Hope be held confidential. After this support was inadvertently made public by another New Hope client, Tri-State informed me that it would no longer support New Hope because Representatives Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of adverse publicity. Also, in 2006, when a $100,000 contract between New Hope the Committee on Energy and electric utility [[Intermountain Rural Electric Association]] to synthesize and research new findings on global warming became public knowledgeCommerce, a public campaign was initiated to change the composition of the board of directors so that there would be no additional funding. That campaign was successfulFebruary 12, as Intermountain has not provided further funding2009."</ref name="PMAffadavit"/> Michaels argued that the Greenpeace motion seeking disclosure should be rejected as it would "result in New Hope losing clients. I am doubtful that New Hope will continue That too was responded to stay in business as an effective consultancy ... This is precisely why I did not testify at trial. Although this resulted in a short-term loss length by Gavin Schmidt of income to me, it assured the long-term viability of New HopeRealClimate. Besides modest speaking fees, New Hope is my sole source of income beyond a negotiated retirement package from the University of Virginiaorg. Thus, the Greenpeace motion, if granted, would imnperil my livelihood. Hew Hope also employs the services of other scientists who receive all or a substantial part of their incomes from New Hope. Their livelihoods are also threatened by the Greenpeace motion."<ref name="PMAffadavit"/> (On its websiteGavin Schmidt, New Hope Environmental Services does not list its staff. However, the ''World Climate Report'' blog lists its staff, as of May 2009 on a webpage dated March 2005, <ref>[http://www.worldclimatereportrealclimate.comorg/index.php/personnelarchives/ 2009/03/michaels-new-graph "StaffMichaels’ new graph"], ''World Climate ReportRealClimate'' (blog), March 1526, 2005.</ref> as comprising Michaels, [[Robert C. Balling, Jr.]], [[Robert E. Davis]] and [[Paul C. Knappenberger]].) In Michaels place, the auto industry groups hired [[John R. Christy]] as their expert witness.<ref>[http://ag.ca.gov/globalwarming/pdf/Vermont_trial_order.pdf Green Mountain Chrysler Plymouth Dodge Jeep et al vs George Crombie], Case No. 2:05-cv-302, September 12, 2007, page 442009.</ref> ==Controversy over Michaels Use of "State Climatologist for Virginia" Title==
Between December 1998<ref>[http====In 2000-2003://web.archive.org/web/19981205034857/http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/ "Scientific Advisers"], Greening Earth Society, website archived from December 1998.</ref> and September 2001<ref>Greening Earth Society, [http://web.archive.org/web/20010925234237/http://greeningearthsociety.org/ "Scientific Advisers"], Greening Earth Society, website archived from September 2001.</ref> he was listed as a "Scientific Advisor" to the [[Greening Earth Society]], a group that was funded Gleick and controlled by the [[Western Fuels Association]] (WFA)suit threat, an association of coal-burning utility companies. WFA founded the group in 1997, according to an archived version of its website, "as a vehicle for advocacy on climate change, the environmental impact of CO2, and fossil fuel use."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20050308200600/www.greeningearthsociety.org/join.html "Join GES"]Holdren, Greening Earth Society websiteSocial Epistemology, archived from March 2005.</ref>IPCC's Wigley====
Michaels "coIn 2003 [[Peter Gleick]], a conservation analyst and president of the Oakland-operated with based [[Ross McKitrickPacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment and Security]] , said "Pat Michaels is not one of the nation's leading researchers on another paper that managed climate change. On the contrary, he is one of a very small minority of nay-sayers who continue to "prove" that global warming wasn'thappening by mixing up degrees with radians]dispute the facts and science about climate change in the face of compelling, overwhelming, and growing evidence."<ref>Tim LambertSeth Slabaugh, [http://scienceblogswww.pacinst.comorg/deltoidclimate_change/2004/08/mckitrick6star_press.php html "McKitrick screws up yet againGlobal warming speaker under fire"], ''DeltoidStar Press''(Muncie, IN), November 18, 2003.</ref> Michaels responded by threatening to sue. (Michaels had gotten another scientist to withdraw similar remarks.)<ref>[http://www.pacinst.org/press_center/censorship/ "Science, Climate Change, August 26and Censorship: The Pacific Institute, 2004Patrick Michaels, and the science of climate change"], Pacific Institute, undated but approx late 2003.</ref>But Gleick stood by his statement and others have joined him.
In August 2004, Michaels told ''Business Week'' "We know how much the planet is going to warmDr. It is a small amount, and we can't do anything about it."<ref>John Carey and Sarah R. Shapiro, [http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_33/b3896001_mz001.htm "Global Warming"], ''Businessweek'', August 16, 2004.</ref> But [[Peter GleickJohn Holdren]], a conservation analyst and president of Harvard University told the Oakland-based [[Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment and SecurityU.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee]], said "Pat Michaels is not one another of the nation's leading researchers on handful of US climate -changecontrarians... On He has published little if anything of distinction in the contraryprofessional literature, he is one being noted rather for his shrill op-ed pieces and indiscriminate denunciations of a very small minority virtually every finding of nay-sayers who continue to dispute the facts and mainstream climate science about climate change in the face of compelling, overwhelming, and growing evidence."<ref>Seth SlabaughJohn Holdren, [http://www.pacinst.org/climate_change/star_pressstephenschneider.html "Global warming speaker under fire"], ''Star Press'' (Muncie, IN), November 18, 2003stanford.<edu/ref> Michaels responded by threatening to sue. (Michaels had gotten another scientist to withdraw similar remarks.)<ref>[http:Publications/PDF_Papers/www.pacinstHoldrenRPCClimateComments.org/press_center/censorship/ pdf "The Shaky Science, Behind the Climate Change, and Censorship: The Pacific Institute, Patrick Michaels, and Sense of the science of climate changeCongress Resolution"], Pacific InstituteUS Senate Republican Policy Committee, June 2, undated but approx late 2003.</ref> But Gleick stood by his statement and others have joined him.
Dr. [[John Holdren]] of Harvard University told An article in the [[U.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee]], journal ''Social Epistemology'' concluded "Michaels is another of the handful of US climate-change contrarians... He has published little if anything of distinction in the professional literature, being noted rather for observations upon which PM [Patrick Michaels] draws his shrill op-ed pieces and indiscriminate denunciations case are not good enough to bear the weight of virtually every finding of mainstream climate sciencethe argument he wishes to make."<ref>John HoldrenSimon Shackley, [http://stephenschneiderwww.stanfordpitt.edu/Publications%7Egordonm/PDF_PapersPubdeb/HoldrenRPCClimateCommentsShackley.pdf "The Shaky Science Behind Commentary on the Climate Change Sense of the Congress Resolutiondebate between James Hansen and Patrick Michaels, November 1998"], US Senate Republican Policy Committee''Social Epistemology'', June 2000, vol. 14, nos. 2/3, 2003pages 181–186.</ref>
And an article in the journal ''Social Epistemology'' concluded "...the observations upon which PM [Patrick Michaels] draws his case are not good enough to bear the weight of the argument he wishes to make."<ref>Simon Shackley, [http====In 1995: Industry scientists://www.pitt.edu/%7Egordonm/Pubdeb/Shackley.pdf "Commentary on the debate between James Hansen and Patrick Michaels, November 1998"], ''Social Epistemology'', 2000, vol. 14, nos. 2/3, pages 181–186.</ref>temperature record objections not cogent====
In March 2009, Michaels, under An internal 1995 document (pdf) of the auspices [[Global Climate Coalition]] (GCC) -- an industry front group that disbanded in 2002 -- reviewed some of the Cato Institute, circulated a draft advertisement that stated: "Surface temperature changes over the past century have been episodic contrarian" arguments used by Patrick Michaels and modest and there has been no net global warming for over a decade now ... The computer models forecasting rapid temperature other climate change abjectly fail to explain recent climate behaviorskeptics."<ref>Cato InstituteAndrew C. Revkin, [http://www.realclimatenytimes.orgcom/2009/04/24/science/docsearth/cato_ad24deny.pdf html?_r=1&pagewanted=1&am "With all due respect Mr.President, that is not true.Industry Ignored Its Scientists on Climate"], ''Real ClimateNew York Times'', March April 23, 2009.</ref> The ad statements were analyzed and criticized document concluded that::...contrarian theories raise interesting questions about our total understanding of climate processes, but they do not offer convincing arguments against the conventional model of greenhouse gas emission-induced climate change. ... Michaels' questions about the temperature record are not convincing arguments against any conclusion that we are currently experiencing warming as the result of greenhouse gas emissions. ...[And] anomalies in the temperature record [do not] offer a mechanism for off-setting the much larger rise in detail at temperature which might occur if the RealClimate blogatmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases were to double or quadruple."<refname=GCC6"> Global Climate Coalition, [httphttps://www.realclimatesourcewatch.org/index.phpimages/archives8/200982/03/with-all-due-respect GCC_Primer_Draft.pdf "With all due respect…Primer on Climate Change Science· Final Draft"], ''RealClimate''January 18, March 241996, 2009pages 16-17.</ref>
In support of the statements, [[Chip Knappenberger]] of [[World Climate Report]] referred readers to recent testimony by Michaels to the House of Representatives Energy and Environment sub-committee<ref>[http://energycommerce.house.gov/Press_111/20090212/testimony_michaels.pdf "Testimony of Patrick J. Michaels"], House of Representatives Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, February 12, 2009.</ref> That too was responded to at length by Gavin Schmidt of RealClimate.org.<ref>Gavin Schmidt, [http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/03/michaels-new-graph "Michaels’ new graph"], ''RealClimate'', March 26, 2009.</ref> In a Wall Street Journal article entitled "The Climategate Whitewash Continues" Pat Michaels said "It's impossible to find anything wrong if you really aren't looking."<ref>"[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704075604575356611173414140.html]"</ref> ==Skeptics Group Discounts Some Skeptics Arguments== An internal 1995 document (pdf) of the [[Global Climate Coalition]] (GCC) -- an industry front group that disbanded in 2002 -- reviewed some of the "contrarian" arguments used Books by Patrick Michaels, [[Robert Jastrow]], [[Richard Lindzen]] and other climate change skeptics. The document, which was obtained as part of a court action against the automobile industry<ref>Andrew C. Revkin, [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/24/science/earth/24deny.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1&am "Industry Ignored Its Scientists on Climate"], ''New York Times'', April 23, 2009.</ref> concluded that of the arguments reviewed: :"The contrarian theories raise interesting questions about our total understanding of climate processes, but they do not offer convincing arguments against the conventional model of greenhouse gas emission-induced climate change. Jastrow's hypothesis about the role of solar variability and Michaels' questions about the temperature record are not convincing arguments against any conclusion that we are currently experiencing warming as the result of greenhouse gas emissions. However, neither solar variability nor anomalies in the temperature record offer a mechanism for off-setting the much larger rise in temperature which might occur if the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases were to double or quadruple." :"Lindzen' s hypothesis that any warming would create more rain which would cool and dry the uper troposphere did offer a mechanism for balancing the effect of increased greenhouse gases. However, the data supporting this hypothesis is weak, and even Lindzen has stopped presenting it as an alternative to the conventional model of climate change."<ref name=GCC6">Global Climate Coalition, [http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/8/82/GCC_Primer_Draft.pdf "Primer on Climate Change Science· Final Draft"], January 18, 1996, pages 16-17.</ref> ==Affiliations==* [[The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition]], "supporter", 1993;<ref name="TASSC Supporters"/>* Lecturer, European Academy of Ecology, Germany, 1993.<ref name="APCO">Tom Hockaday, [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/awf22d00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22 "International Meeting in Europe on Sound Science"], APCO Associates/GCI Group, May 9, 1994.</ref>* Lecturer, [[World Coal Conference]], New Orleans, LA, 1993.<ref name="APCO"/>* Advisory Board, [[Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow]]<ref name="CFACT"/>* Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin, 1976-1979; Research and Project Assistant;<ref name="SEJ"/>* Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia (Assistant Professor, l980-1986; Associate Professor, 1986-1995; Professor, 1996 -2007);<ref name="SEJ"/>* Virginia State Climatologist 1980- 2007;<ref name="SEJ"/>* Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies, Cato Institute, 1992 - Present<ref name="SEJ"/>* Visiting Scientist, Marshall Institute, 1996 - 2007 (at least).<ref name="SEJ"/> == Books ==
Undo GEM redirect
'''Patrick J. Michaels''' (±1942- ), also known as Pat Michaels, is a largely oil-funded [[global warming skeptic]] who argues that [[global warming]] models are fatally flawed and, in any event, we should take no action because new technologies will soon replace those that emit greenhouse gases. Patrick Michaels of the University of Virginia served as an Expert Reviewer to Working Group I of the Fourth Assessment Report of the [[IPCC]]<ref>"[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/annexessannex-iii.html]"</ref>.
==New Hope Environmental Services "advocacy science" consulting firm==Michaels is Editor of the ''[[World Climate Report]]'', a blog published by the "advocacy science consulting firm" [[New Hope Environmental Services]], "an advocacy science consulting firm"<ref>[http://www.nhes.com/ "New Hope Environmental Services"], New Hope Environmental Services website, accessed May 2009.</ref> , which he founded and runs. ===Mission===In an affidavit in a Vermont court case, Michaels described the his firm's "mission" of the firm as being to "publicize findings on climate change and scientific and social perspectives that may not otherwise appear in the popular literature or media. This entails both response research and public commentary."<ref name="PMAffadavit">Dr. Patrick J. Michaels, [httphttps://www.sourcewatch.org/images/e/e5/GreenMtDoc521-3.pdf "Affidavit of Dr. Patrick J. Michaels"], United States District Court for the District of Vermont, Green Mountain Chrysler et al. v. Crombie et al., Docket No. 02:05-CV-302, July 6, 2007.(Pdf)</ref> In effect, New Hope Environmental Services is a PR firm.===Clientele===Michaels' firm does not disclose who its clients are, but leaked documents have revealed that several were power utilities which operate coal power stations. On a 2007 academic CV, Michaels disclosed that prior to creating his firm he had received funding from the [[Edison Electric Institute]] and the [[Western Fuels Association]]. He has also been a frequent speaker with leading coal and energy companies as well as coal and other industry lobby groups.<ref name="SEJ">[http://www.sej.org/initiatives/climate-change/patrick-michaels-cv-plain-text-file-climate-change-guideskeptics-and-cont "Patrick Michaels CV Plain Text File-Climate Change Guide/Skeptics and Contrarians"], Society of Environmental Journalists, accessed May 2009.</ref>
==Other affiliations==
===Marshall, Cato, CFACT, ACSH===
Michaels is also associated with a number of [[think tanks]] and advocacy groups which dispute global warming. He is a Visiting Scientist with the [[George C. Marshall Institute]], a Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies with the [[Cato Institute]]<ref>[http://www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels "Patrick J. Michaels: Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies"], Cato Institute, accessed May 2009.</ref> and a member of the Advisory Board of the [[Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow]].<ref name="CFACT">[http://www.cfact.org/site/advisors.asp Advisory Board], Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow, accessed May 2009.</ref>
|quote=Patrick J. Michaels, Ph.D.; University of Virginia
}}</ref>.
===Past affiliations - TASSC, Greening Earth Society===
Michaels was a "supporter" of [[The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition]], an industry-funded PR [[front group]] created in 1993 and run by the [[APCO Worldwide]] public relations firm. It worked to hang the label of "[[junk science]]" on environmentalists. The group is now defunct.<ref name="TASSC Supporters">[http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mdp02a00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22 "Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC) Supporters List"], June 30, 1993. Bates Number 2024233615/3618.</ref>
==Education==
Michaels completed a bachelors degree in biological sciences degree in 1971 and a Masters degree in Biology in 1975 at the University of Chicago. He completed a Ph.D. in Ecological Climatology from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1979 on the topic of "Atmospheric Anomalies and Crop Yields in North America".<ref name="SEJ"/>
In a 1992 opinion column, Michaels wrote of government agencies that they "exist to perpetuate themselves, and to expand their territory and their political influence. Government agencies behave just like people. The agency goals cannot be accomplished without the largesse of Congress. Thus begins a peculiar back-scratching in which political patrons define a particular problem as The Most Important in History. The agency responds by testifying that the end is near unless a few billion is spent pronto-and then it probably will be even worse than we thought. Such issues and constituencies include the ozone "hole" (NASA, NSF, EPA); global warming (NASA, NSF, DOE, EPA); sexually transmitted diseases (National Institutes of Health, NSF); or roughage shortages (NIH, U.S. Department of Agriculture). The list is as infinite as is the predilection for Homo sapiens to have nightmares."<ref>Patrick J. Michaels, [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pmc52c00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22 "Give Industry a Bigger Role (Title incomplete"], ''Roanoke Times'', December 29, 1992.</ref>
===Controversies and criticisms===
==Funding== Michaels' prominence also led to new funding from fossil fuel interestsIn 2011: Rep. In 1991-92 an anonymous donor made of grant of $50Waxman calls for inquiry,000 to Michaels for his work re possibly misleading testimony on climate changeindustry ties, the Edison Electric Institute paid $funding sources====On January 25,000 between 1992 and 1995 for a literature review of climate change and updates. Western Fuels Association contributed $63,000 for "research on global climate change" and between 1994 $982011,000 from Gesamtverband des Deutschen Stenkohlenbergbaus in GermanyRep.<ref name="SEJ"/> As Michaels' corporate funding was taking off, in 1994 he founded and is the sole owner of [[New Hope Environmental ServicesHenry Waxman]], which refers sent a letter to itself as "an advocacy science consulting firm"Rep. Aside from publishing the [[World Climate ReportFred Upton]]seeking to call in Michaels for questioning about his science and funding. In the letter, Waxman wrote that Pat Michaels testified before the firm boasts Energy and Commerce Committee in February 2009 "that widely accepted scientific data had 'overestimated' global warming and that its staff often provide testimony regulation enacted in response to that data could have 'a very counterproductive effect.' Among the scientists who testified before this Committee on the issue of climate change in the last Congress and commentary , Pat Michaels was the only one to dismiss the need to act on climate issues change ... Dr. Michaels may have provided misleading information about the sources of his funding and his ties to media outletsindustries opposed to regulation of emissions responsible for climate change."<ref name="NH"kd>[http://www.nheshuffingtonpost.com/ kert-davies/rep-waxman-presses-for-in_b_813251.html "New Hope Environmental ServicesRep. Waxman Presses for Inquiry on Global Warming Denier Pat Michaels"]HuffPo, New Hope Environmental Services websiteJan. 25, accessed May 20092011.</ref>.====In 2010: Assertion in climate testimony that humans caused less than half 1950+ warming (termed "not credible")====Writing in Harpers Magazine in 1995, author Ross Gelbspan Climate scientist Benjamin Santer noted that "in Michaels has received more than $115' Congressional testimony of November 2010,000 over Michaels had claimed human GHG emissions caused less then half the last four years from coal and energy interests. ''World Climate Review''warming (since 1950), a quarterly he founded but that routinely debunks climate concerns, this assertion was funded by Western Fuels."not credible:<ref>Ross Gelbspan, {{cite web|publisher=Warming101 blog|title=Ben Santer clarifies his "...legitimate debate..."[statement from last fall's climate testimony|url=http://dieoffwarming101.blogspot.com/2011/05/ben-santer-clarifies-his-legitimate.orghtml|accessdate=2011-05-28|author=Anna Haynes|date=2011-05-25|quote=(2011-05-25 correspondence)}}</page82ref><blockquote>".htm The heat ..Professor Patrick Michaels (in Congressional testimony of November 2010) claimed that human-caused changes in greenhouse gases explain less than half of the post-1950 warming. This claim [by Michaels] is on: The warming of not credible. Michaels arrives at this incorrect result by completely ignoring the world's climate sparks a blaze cooling effects of denial]sulfate aerosol particles."</blockquote>====In2009: Cato Institute "just not true"ad, ''Harpers Magazine''and WSJ Op-ed misdirection re von Storch resignation=========Dec. 2009: Wall Street Journal "tip of iceberg" op-ed misrepresentation, December 1995and silence=====An op-ed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=WSJ.com|title=How to Manufacture a Climate Consensus|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704398304574598230426037244.html|accessdate=2011-10-13|author=Pat Michaels|date=2009-12-17}}</ref> One substantial benefit by Michaels in having created New Hope Environmental Services was the December 17, 2009 Wall Street Journal argued that corporate funders could route financial support for Michaels work via the firm which climate science consensus was under no obligation to disclose who its clients wereillusory. After its Among his arguments was created, further corporate funding was noticeably absent from Michaels university curriculum vitae.a selective recounting of the Climate Research episode<ref name="SEJstormytimes"/> He continued to attract public funding {{cite web |author=Clare Goodess |publisher=SGR |title=Stormy Times for projectsClimate Research |url=http://www.sgr.org.uk/climate/StormyTimes_NL28.htm |date=2003-11 |accessdate=2009-12-26 |quote=...Hans von Storch and I were also aware of three earlier Climate Research papers about which people had raised concerns over the review process. In all these cases, such as $195de Freitas had had editorial responsibility. }}</ref>: Michaels noted that the "skeptic" paper appeared,000 from the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality for whereupon "research on science Messrs. Jones and policy on global warming.Mann" He also gained $98,000 from the Cato Institute threatened to underwrite boycott the journal; then half its editorial board resigned. This recounting is chronologically accurate but causally misleading; the production resignations had been "because of ''insufficient quality control on a bad paper — a skeptic’s paper, at that."<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Satanic GasesWay Things Break|title=Pat Michaels lying in the Wall Street Journal|url=http: Clearing //thingsbreak.wordpress.com/2009/12/18/pat-michaels-lying-in-the Air about Global Warming'', a book he co-authored with [[Robert C. Ballingwall-street-journal/#comment-3556|accessdate=2011-10-13|author=Things Break (pseudonym)|date=2009-12-18}}</ref>, Jr.]]<ref name="SEJstormytimes"/>
====In 2006-7: Use of "State Climatologist for Virginia" Title====
While Michaels referred to himself as the State Climatologist for Virginia, in August 2006 the Governor, [[Timothy M. Kaine]], clarified that the appointment was one by the University for its accredited climatology office but not an appointment by the state administration. "The Code of Virginia does not provide for the governor to appoint a state climatologist. My office has been unable to find evidence that any governor since 1980 has made such an appointment," Hanley wrote. While Michaels had been appointed to the position in 1980 by the then Governor John Dalton, in 2000 the American Association of State Climatologists assumed responsibility for certifying climatologists. "Therefore, it is the prerogative of the university to make that appointment," Hanley wrote.<ref>Aaron Kessler, [http://www.tjcenter.org/2007/04/10/censuring-the-censors/ State: Climatologist appointed by university: Michaels no longer Virginia official"], ''Daily Progress'', August 19, 2006. (Scroll down).</ref>
When Michaels left the university in September 2007, UVa professor James N. Galloway explained that Michaels' "utility industry funding, private research and controversial views on global warming made him a lightning rod on climate change issues," and "left the [climatologist's] office too politicized."<ref>[http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?ID=6633&Method=Full "Michaels Out As Virginia State Climatologist: Controversial state climatologist steps down"], ''Newport News (Va.) Daily Press'', September 27, 2007. (This is an Associated Press story.)</ref>
== ==In 2004: Michaels on climate change -McKitrick Climate paper basic error====Michaels "co-operated with [[Ross McKitrick]] on another paper that managed to "prove" that global warming wasn't happening by mixing up degrees with radians."<ref>Tim Lambert, [http://scienceblogs.com/deltoid/2004/08/mckitrick6.php "McKitrick screws up yet again"], ''Deltoid'', August 26, 2004.</ref>
Dr. [[Tom Wigley]], lead author of parts of the report of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] and one of the world's leading climate scientists, was quoted by Ross Gelbspan as stating that "Michaels' statements on [the subject of computer models] are a catalog of misrepresentation and misinterpretation… Many of the supposedly factual statements made in Michaels' testimony are either inaccurate or are seriously misleading."<ref>Ross Gelbspan, [http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?ID=4473&Method=Full "Global Warmers"], ''The Nation'', March 20, 2001.</ref>
* Patrick J. Michaels, [http://www.catostore.org/index.asp?fa=ProductDetails&pid=144088 ''Sound and Fury: The Science and Politics of Global Warming''], [[Cato Institute]], October 1992. ISBN 0932790895
* Patrick J. Michaels and [[Paul C. Knappenberger]], [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lca04a99/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22 ''The Satanic Gases''], Cato Institute, May 15, 2000. ISBN 1882577922
* Patrick J. Michaels, [http://www.catostore.org/index.asp?fa=ProductDetails&method=&pid=1441420 ''Climate of Extremes: Global Warming Science They Don't Want You to Know''], Cato Institute'', January 25, 2009. ISBN 1933995238
==Articles and Resourcesresources====Related SourceWatch Articles==*[[Climate change sceptics]]*[[New Hope Environmental Services]]
===References===
{{reflist|2}}
===Related SourceWatch articles===
*[[Patrick J. Michaels - career history]]
*[[Patrick J. Michaels - funding]]
*[[Patrick J. Michaels - his articles and papers]]
*[[Patrick J. Michaels - his testimony]]
*[[New Hope Environmental Services]]
*[[Climate change sceptics]]
===External Articlesresources===* {{cite web|publisher=DeSmogBlog|url=http://www.desmogblog.com/skeptics-prefer-pal-review-over-peer-review-chris-de-freitas-pat-michaels-and-their-pals-1997-2003|title=Biographical notes & profiles=Skeptics Prefer Pal Review Over Peer Review: Chris de Freitas, Pat Michaels And Their Pals, 1997-2003|author=John R. Mashey|date=2011-11-30}}
* [http://www.sej.org/initiatives/climate-change/patrick-michaels-cv-plain-text-file-climate-change-guideskeptics-and-cont "Patrick Michaels CV Plain Text File-Climate Change Guide/Skeptics and Contrarians"], Society of Environmental Journalists, accessed May 2009.
* [http://www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels "Patrick J. Michaels: Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies"], Cato Institute, accessed March 2009
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20050407231607/http://www.co2andclimate.org/editors.html "Editors and Contributors]", ''[[CO2andclimate.org]]'', archived from April 2005.
* [[w:Patrick Michaels|"Patrick Michaels"]], ''Wikipedia''
*"[http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=4 Factsheet:Patrick J. Michaels]", ''ExxonSecrets'', accessed January 2005.
===Articles and Papers by Michaels==External articles=* Patrick J. Michaels, [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pmc52c00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22 "Give Industry a Bigger Role (Title incomplete"], ''Roanoke Times'', December 29, 1992.* Patrick Michaels, [http://www.globalwarmingheartland.com/Article.cfm?artId=2545 "Ozone Blamed for Lack of Warming"], ''World Climate Report'', New Hope Environmental Services, Volume 1, Number 12, February 1, 1996.* Patrick J. Michaels and R.C. Balling, Jr. 1999. Global warming: The political science of exaggeration. Prometheus 1, 63-70. * J.E. Hansen and Patrick J. Michaels. 2000. AARST Science Policy Forum, New York. Social Epistemology 14:133-186.* R.E. Balling, M.C. MacCracken, Patrick J. Michaels, and A. Robock. 2000. Assessment of uncertainties of predicted global change modelling. Technology 7S:231-257.* R.E. Davis, Patrick J. Michaels, and B.P. Hayden. 2000. Assessment of uncertainties of predicted global change modelling. Pages 401-426 in R. Pielke, Jr. and R. Pielke, Sr., eds., Storms, Volume I. Routledge, New York, New York.* Patrick J. Michaels, P.C. Knappenberger, and R.E. Davis, [http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv23n3/michaels.pdf "The way of warming"], ''Regulation'', [[Cato Institute]], January 1, 2000, Volume 33, pages 10-16.* Patrick J. Michaels, [http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=9749 "The Environmentalists of Summer "], ''Environment & Climate News'', [[Heartland Institute]], June 2000.* Patrick J. Michaels, [http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4490 "An October Environmental Surprise?"], Cato Institute, September 29, 2000. * Patrick J. Michaels, P.C. Knappenberger, R.C. Balling, Jr., and R.E. Davis. 2000. Observed warming in cold anticyclones. Climate Research 14:1-6.* Patrick J. Michaels, and P.C. Knappenberger, [http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2000/2000GL011833.shtml "Natural signals in the MSU lower tropospheric temperature record"], ''Geophysical Research Letters'', August 2, 2000, Volume 27, pages 2905-2908.* Patrick J. Michaels, [http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=1165 "Global warming: Watson indulges in scare tactics . . . again"], ''Environment & Climate News'', Heartland Institute, March 2001.* P.C. Knappenberger, Patrick J. Michaels and R.E. Davis, [http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr/17/c017p045.pdf "The Nature of Observed Temperature Changes Across the United States During the 20th Century"], ''Climate Research'', July 2001, Volume 17, pages 45-53.* J.D. Hux, P.C. Knappenberger, Patrick J. Michaels, and P.J. Stenger, [http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/41304.pdf "Development of a discriminant analysis mixed precipitation (DAMP) forecast model for mid-Atlantic winter storms"], ''Weather and Forecasting'', Number 16, 2001, pages 248-259.* Patrick J. Michaels, "[http://www.washingtontimes.com/commentary/20040906-095901-4595r.htm National Geographic melting down?], ''Washington Times'', September 6, 2004.* Patrick J. Micheals, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/feb/06/antarctic-warming-climate-change "Climate scientists blow hot and cold:] Antarctic warming isn't evidence of climate change – despite what scientists would have us believe", ''Guardian'', February 12, 2009.* Patrick J. Michaels, [http://www.heartland.org/bin/media/newyork09/PowerPoint/Pat_Michaels.ppt "EPA’s Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking"], Presentation to the Heartland Institute's [[International Conference on Climate Change (2009)]], March 9, 2009. (PowerPoint)* Patrick Michaels, [http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/2009/04/05/comments-on-criticism-of-cato-ad/ "Comments on Criticism of Cato Ad"], ''Cato@Liberty'' (blog), April 5, 2009.* Patrick J. Michaels [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704398304574598230426037244.html How to Manufacture a Climate Consensus], [[Wall Street Journal]], December 17, 2009.
===Testimony by =By Michaels====* ''See [[Patrick J. Michaels, Testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Energy - his articles and Power. U. S. Government Printing Office, 1989, Serial No. 010-31, pages 78-86.* Patrick J. Michaels, Testimony to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate. U.S. Government Printing Office. S. Hrg 101-184, 1989, pp 254-262.* Patrick J. Michaels, Testimony to the Foreign Affairs Committee, U.S. House of Representatives, 1993.* Patrick J. Michaels, [http://www.cato.org/testimony/ct-pm-20090212.html "Testimony of Patrick Michaels, Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies, Cato Institute"papers]], House Energy for articles and Commerce Subcommittee on Energy and Environment Climate Crisis: National Security, Economic, and Public Health Threats, February 12, 2009.* Patrick J. papers by Pat Michaels, Testimony to the Subcommittee on International Economic Policy, Export and Trade Promotion, of the Foreign Relations Committee, United States Senate, June 97.* Patrick J. Michaels, Testimony to the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, November 1997.''
''See [[Patrick J. Michaels - his testimony]] for testimony by Pat Michaels.'' ====General articles===*"[http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=4 Factsheet:Patrick J. Michaels]", ''ExxonSecrets'', accessed January 2005.
* Ross Gelbspan, "[http://dieoff.org/page82.htm The heat is on: The warming of the world's climate sparks a blaze of denial]", ''Harpers Magazine'', December 1995.
* Simon Shackley, [http://www.pitt.edu/%7Egordonm/Pubdeb/Shackley.pdf Commentary on the debate between James Hansen and Patrick Michaels, November 1998] ''Social Epistemology'', 2000, Vol. 14. Nos. 2/3, 181-186.
* John Carey, "[http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_33/b3896001_mz001.htm Global Warming]", ''Business Week'', August 16, 2004.
* [[Joel Achenbach]], "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR2006052301305.html The Tempest:] As evidence mounts that humans are causing dangerous changes in Earth's climate, a handful of skeptics are providing some serious blowback", ''The Washington Post Magazine'', May 28, 2006.
* Stanley Lewandowski Jr. "[httphttps://www.sourcewatch.org/images/b/b0/Irea.pdf Memo Intermountain Rural Electric Association memo]", July 17, 2006. (This leaked memo describes IMEA's funding Michaels to the tune of $100,000 in February 2006.) (1MB PDF)
* Clayton Sandell and Bill Blakemore, "[http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/print?id=2242565 Making Money by Feeding Confusion Over Global Warming: Electric Utility Pays $100,000 to Global Warming Naysayer]", ''ABC News'', July 27, 2006.
* [http://www.pacinst.org/press_center/censorship/ Science, Climate Change, and Censorship: The Pacific Institute, Patrick Michaels, and the science of climate change]", Pacific Institute, undated, accessed July 2006.
[[Category:Leipzig Declaration signers|Michaels]]
[[Category:Global warming skeptics|Michaels, Patrick]]
[[Category:Climate change]]
[[Category:Science]]
[[categoryCategory:Secrecy]][[categoryCategory:Coal Issues]][[Category:Public relations professionals]]
[[Category:Speaker at the Heartland Institute's Third International Conference on Climate Change]]
