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{{#badges: Climate change |CoalSwarm}}<divstyle="float:right;width:100px;margin:0 0 1em 1em">[[ImageFile:Michaels.jpg|frame|right|alt=Patrick J. Michaels|Source: Cato Institute]]</div>

'''Patrick J. Michaels''' (&plusmn;1942- ), also known as Pat Michaels, is a largely oil-funded [[global warming skeptic]] who argues that [[global warming]] models are fatally flawed and, in any event, we should take no action because new technologies will soon replace those that emit greenhouse gases.  Patrick Michaels is Editor of the ''[[World Climate University of Virginia served as an Expert Reviewer to Working Group I of the Fourth Assessment Report]]'', a blog published by of the [[New Hope Environmental ServicesIPCC]], "an advocacy science consulting firm"<ref>"[http://www.nhesipcc.comch/ "New Hope Environmental Services"], New Hope Environmental Services website, accessed May 2009.<publications_and_data/ref> he founded and runs. In an affidavit in a Vermont court case, Michaels described the "mission" of the firm as being to "publicize findings on climate change and scientific and social perspectives that may not otherwise appear in the popular literature or media. This entails both response research and public commentary."<ref name="PMAffadavit">Dr. Patrick J. Michaels, [http://www.sourcewatch.orgar4/imageswg1/een/e5/GreenMtDoc521annexessannex-3iii.pdf html]"Affidavit of Dr. Patrick J. Michaels"], United States District Court for the District of Vermont, Green Mountain Chrysler et al. v. Crombie et al., Docket No. 02:05-CV-302, July 6, 2007.(Pdf)</ref> In effect, New Hope Environmental Services is a PR firm.

Michaels is also associated with a number of ''(For more information, see [[think tanksPatrick J. Michaels - career history]] and advocacy groups which dispute global warming. He is a Visiting Scientist with the [[George C. Marshall Institute]], a Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies with the [[Cato Institute]]<ref>[http://www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels "Patrick J. Michaels: Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies"], Cato Institute, accessed May 2009.</ref> and a member of the Advisory Board of the [[Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow- funding]].<ref name="CFACT">[http://www.cfact.org/site/advisors.asp Advisory Board], Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow, accessed May 2009.</ref>)''

== From Other affiliations=====Marshall, Cato, CFACT, ACSH===Michaels is also associated with a number of [[think tanks]] and advocacy groups which dispute global warming. He is a Visiting Scientist with the [[George C. Marshall Institute]], a Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies with the [[Cato Institute]]<ref>[http://www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels "Patrick J. Michaels: Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies"], Cato Institute, accessed May 2009.</ref> and a member of the Halls Advisory Board of Academic To the Speaker Circuit=[[Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow]].<ref name="CFACT">[http://www.cfact.org/site/advisors.asp Advisory Board], Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow, accessed May 2009.</ref>

Michaels was, until late 2007, is also a Professor [[ACSH Scientific advisors | Scientific Advisor]] of Environmental Science at the [[University of VirginaAmerican Council on Science and Health]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=ACSH|title=Scientific Advisors &gt; About ACSH|url=http://www.acsh.org/about/pageID.89/default.asp|accessdate=2010-12-08|author=No byline|date=Undated|quote=Patrick J. A biographical note at that time described Michaels "research interests" as being "The core issue over the next ten years will not be "How much will the climate warm?" but, ratherPh.D.; University of Virginia}}</ref>.===Past affiliations - TASSC, Greening Earth Society===Michaels was a "Why did it warm so little?supporter" My research also leads me to believe that the next decade will see the emergence of a paradigm [[The Advancement of "robust earthSound Science Coalition]]," as opposed an industry-funded PR [[front group]] created in 1993 and run by the [[APCO Worldwide]] public relations firm. It worked to hang the fashionable label of "fragility[[junk science]]" concept on environmentalists... It is entirely possible that human influence on the atmosphere is not necessarily deleterious and that it The group is simply another component of the dynamic planetnow defunct. Tomorrow's scientific and science-policy leaders will have to recognize this verity in our attempts to maintain a productive and diverse planet."<refname="TASSC Supporters">[http://weblegacy.archivelibrary.org/web/20071109231413/http://www.evsc.virginiaucsf.edu/facultytid/peoplemdp02a00/michaels.shtml pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22 "Research InterestsAdvancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC) Supporters List"], University of VirginaJune 30, accessed November 20071993. Bates Number 2024233615/3618.</ref>

Michaels completed a bachelors degree in biological sciences degree in 1971 Between December 1998<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19981205034857/http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/ "Scientific Advisers"], Greening Earth Society, website archived from December 1998.</ref> and a Masters degree in Biology in 1975 at the University of ChicagoSeptember 2001<ref>Greening Earth Society, [http://web. He completed a Pharchive.Dorg/web/20010925234237/http://greeningearthsociety. in Ecological Climatology org/ "Scientific Advisers"], Greening Earth Society, website archived from September 2001.</ref> he was listed as a "Scientific Advisor" to the [[Greening Earth Society]], a group that was funded and controlled by the University [[Western Fuels Association]] (WFA), an association of Wisconsincoal-Madison burning utility companies. WFA founded the group in 1979 1997, according to an archived version of its website, "as a vehicle for advocacy on climate change, the topic environmental impact of "Atmospheric Anomalies CO2, and Crop Yields in North Americafossil fuel use.".<ref name=>[http://web.archive.org/web/20050308200600/www.greeningearthsociety.org/join.html "SEJJoin GES"], Greening Earth Society website, archived from March 2005.</ref>===List by date===''Much of this duplicates the text above.''

Between 1977 and the late 1980's most * [[The Advancement of Michaels publications related to the impacts Sound Science Coalition]], "supporter", 1993;<ref name="TASSC Supporters"/>* Lecturer, European Academy of climate variations Ecology, Germany, 1993.<ref name="APCO">Tom Hockaday, [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/awf22d00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22 "International Meeting in Europe on the yields of wheatSound Science"], APCO Associates/GCI Group, May 9, 1994.</ref>* Lecturer, [[World Coal Conference]], New Orleans, LA, 1993.<ref name="APCO"/>* Advisory Board, corn and soybean[[Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow]]<ref name="CFACT"/>* Center for Climatic Research, the spread University of southern pine beetle infestationsWisconsin, gypsy moth research 1976-1979; Research and thunderstorm patterns. During this period most Project Assistant;<ref name="SEJ"/>* [[University of his funding was from the U.S. Virginia Department of Agriculture's Forest ServiceEnvironmental Sciences]] (Assistant Professor, l980-1986; Associate Professor, the 1986-1995; Professor, 1996 -2007);<ref name="SEJ"/>* Virginia State Climatology Office. He also undertook work for NASA and the United States Department of Commerce's Climatologist 1980- 2007;<ref name="SEJ"/>* Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies, [[Cato Institute]], 1992 - Present<ref name="SEJ"/>* Visiting Scientist, [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationMarshall Institute]] on climatology projects, 1996 - 2007 (at least).<ref name="SEJ"/>

From the mid-1980's on, ==Education==Michaels become involved completed a bachelors degree in more topical projects. In 1986 and 1987 he authored papers biological sciences degree in 1971 and a report on siting considerations for Masters degree in Biology in 1975 at the University of Chicago. He completed a high-level nuclear waste dumpPh.<ref>Patrick JD. Michaels, ''Climatological Considerations for Siting a Crystalline Repository for High-Level Nuclear Waste in Ecological Climatology from the Commonwealth University of Virginia'', Report to the Governor's Task Force Wisconsin-Madison in 1979 on the Crystalline Repository Project. 26pp.</ref><ref>Patrick J. Michaels, topic of "Climate Atmospheric Anomalies and the Eastern Repository for High Level Nuclear WasteCrop Yields in North America", Proceedings, 5th Conference on Applied Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Baltimore MD, 35-39.</ref><ref>name="Climate and the Eastern Repository: A Comparative StudySEJ", ''Environmental Management'', Volume 15, pages 627-636.</ref>

In 1988 Michaels became more active in writing on global warming issues. The following year he was involved in == History - from the writing Halls of a technical report Academe To the impact of sulfur dioxide emissions in Virginia <ref>Origin and Destination of PollutantSpeaker Circuit==''See [[Patrick J. Michaels -Bearing Airstreams Impacting and Exiting the Commonwealth of Virginia, Final Report to Virginia Air Pollution Control Boardcareer history]]. 131pp. Additional Technical Appendix, 1800pp.</ref>, and the following ''==Funding - including varying (year was involved in a project funded to the tune &content) statements by Michaels re source of $40,000 by the funding==''See [[Cyprus MineralsPatrick J. Michaels - funding]] Company.<ref>Patrick Michaels, - includes "Jet Stream Alterations Induced by Anthropogenerated Sulfur Emissionsexpert witness", stint for Cyprus Minerals.</ref><ref name="SEJ"/> 2007 Vermont auto industry lawsuit''

But during 1989 and 1990 it was as a global warming skeptic that Michaels was really making a name for himself.<ref>Patrick Michaels, "Anthropogenic Warming in North Alaska?", ''Journal of ==Climate'', Volume 1, pages 942-945.</ref><ref>Patrick Michaels, "The Greenhouse Effect: Chicken Little and our Response to 'Global Warming'", ''Journal of Forestry'', Volume 87, pages 35-39.</ref><ref>Patrick Michaels, "The Science and Politics of Global Change", 7th International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh, Volume 1, page 173-182.</ref><ref>Patrick Michaels, "Crisis in Politics of Global Climate Change Looms on the Horizon", Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy, Volume 4, 14-23.</ref><ref>Patrick Michaels, "The Science and Politics of the Greenhouse Effect: Collision Course? In Environmental Consequences of Energy Production", University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 1990, pages 115-138.</ref><ref>Patrick Michaels, "The Greenhouse Effect and Global Change: Review and Reappraisal", International Journal of Environmental Studies, 1990, Volume 36, 55change -71.</ref><ref>Patrick Michaels, "Climatic Change and Climatic Uncertainty: A Regional Perspective", Proceedings, 21st meeting, Advisory Committee on Water Data for Public Use, U.S. Geological Survey, New Orleans, LA, 36-59.</ref> In 1989 Michaels made several appearances before Congressional committees, an appearance at a [[Brookings Institution]] event and invitations to speak to a smattering of industry groups. Some of the invitations he accepted were to speak to the Executive Board of the [[National Coal Association]] in Phoenix, Arizona, the annual meeting of the [[Western Fuels Association]] in Denver and the International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, the [[Edison Electric Institute]] and [[Basin Electric Power Cooperative]].<ref nameplaying down importance="SEJ"/> Subsequently, Michaels was a favoured speaker for corporate, think tank and conservative advocacy group events. Between 1990 and 1993, Michaels spoke at events organized by the [[Consumer Alert]], the [[North Carolina Coal Institute]], the [[Pacific Research Institute]], the [[Kentucky Coal Operators Association]], the [[Chemical Manufacturers Association]], the [[Virginia Coal Council]], the [[National Rural Electric Cooperative Association]], AMAX Energy Corporation, [[Consolidation Coal Corporation]], [[Cincinnati Gas and Electric]], [[Chief Executive Conference on Global Warming]], the [[National Association of Manufacturers]], the [[National Aerosol Association]], the [[Massie Coal Corporation]], the [[Indiana Coal Mining Institute]], the [[Arizona Electric Power Cooperative]], the [[U.S. Chamber of Commerce]], the [[Virginia Petroleum Council]], the [[Heritage Foundation]], the [[American Legislative Exchange Council]], the [[Wyoming Mining Association]], [[Virginia Power]], [[Amax Energy Corporation]], [[American Electric Power]], [[Alabama Electric Power Cooperative]], the [[American Policy Center]], the [[World Coal Conference]], [[American Public Power Association]], [[American Mining Congress]], [[Maine Conservation Rights Institute]], the [[Federalist Society]], the [[Kentucky Mining Institute]], [[Denver Coal Club]] and the [[Ashland Oil Corporation]].<ref name="SEJ"/> (See [[Patrick Michaels speaking engagements]] for further details). Michaels was also a "supporter" of [[The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition]], an industry-funded PR [[front group]] created it 1993 and run by the [[APCO Worldwide]] public relations firm. It worked to hang the label of "[[junk science]]" on environmentalists. The group is now defunct.<ref name="TASSC Supporters">[http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mdp02a00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22 "Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC) Supporters List"], June 30, 1993. Bates Number 2024233615/3618.</ref> In a 1992 opinion column, Micheals wrote of government agencies that they "exist to perpetuate themselves, and to expand their territory and their political influence. Government agencies behave just like people. The agency goals cannot be accomplished without the largesse of Congress. Thus begins a peculiar back-scratching in which political patrons define a particular problem as The Most Important in History. The agency responds by testifying that the end is near unless a few billion is spent pronto-and then it probably will be even worse than we thought. Such issues and constituencies include the ozone "hole" (NASA, NSF, EPA); global warming (NASA, NSF, DOE, EPA); sexually transmitted diseases (National Institutes of Health, NSF); or roughage shortages (NIH, U.S. Department of Agriculture). The list is as infinite as is the predilection for Homo sapiens to have nightmares."<ref>Patrick J. Michaels, [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pmc52c00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22 "Give Industry a Bigger Role (Title incomplete"], ''Roanoke Times'', December 29, 1992.</ref> =Climate views=Funding== Michaels prominence also led to new funding from fossil fuel interests. In 1991-92 an anonymous donor made of grant of $50,000 to Michaels for his work on climate change, the Edison Electric Institute paid $25,000 between 1992 and 1995 for a literature review of climate change and updates. Western Fuels Association contributed $63,000 for "research on global climate change" and between 1994 $98,000 from Gesamtverband des Deutschen Stenkohlenbergbaus in Germany.<ref name="SEJ"/> As Michaels corporate funding was taking off, in 1994 he founded and is the sole owner of [[New Hope Environmental Services]], which refers to itself as "an advocacy science consulting firm". Aside from publishing the [[World Climate Report]], the firm boasts that its staff often provide testimony to Congress and commentary on climate issues to media outlets.<ref name="NH">[http://www.nhes.com/ "New Hope Environmental Services"], New Hope Environmental Services website, accessed May 2009.</ref>. Writing in Harpers Magazine in 1995August 2004, author Ross Gelbspan noted that "Michaels has received more than $115,000 over the last four years from coal and energy interests. told ''World Climate ReviewBusiness Week'', a quarterly he founded that routinely debunks climate concerns, was funded by Western Fuels."<ref>Ross Gelbspan, "[http://dieoffWe know how much the planet is going to warm.org/page82.htm The heat It is on: The warming of the world's climate sparks a blaze of denial]", ''Harpers Magazine''small amount, December 1995.</ref> One substantial benefit in having created New Hope Environmental Services was that corporate funders could route financial support for Michaels work via the firm which was under no obligation to disclose who its clients were. After its was created, further corporate funding was noticeably absent from Michaels university curriculum vitae.<ref name="SEJ"/> He continued to attract public funding for projects, such as $195,000 from the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality for "research on science and policy on global warming." He also gained $98,000 from the Cato Institute to underwrite the the production of we can''The Satanic Gases: Clearing the Air t do anything about Global Warming'', a book he co-authored with [[Robert C. Balling, Jr.]]<ref name="SEJ"/> A furor was raised when it was revealed in 2006 that, at customer expense, Patrick Michaels was quietly paid $100,000 by an electric utility, [[Intermountain Rural Electric Association]] (IREA), which burns coal to help confuse the issue of global warming. In a nine-page [http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/b/b0/Irea.pdf memo], the general manager of the Colorado-based IREA co-operative, Stanley Lewandowski Jr., railed against the the scientific consensus supporting the need to curb greenhouse gases. The memo, which was circulated in mid-July 2006 to more than 900 members of the [[National Rural Electric Cooperative Association]], was leaked to <i>ABC News</i>. "We decided to support Dr. [[Patrick Michaels]] and his group (New Hope Environmental Services, Inc.) ... In February of this year, IREA alone contributed $100,000 to Dr. Michaels." Lewandowski also wrote that IREA had rattled the tin for Michaels amongst other groups and "have obtained additional contributions and pledges for Dr. Michaels group." The memo also reports on others campaigning against taking action to limit climate change. "The [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] (CEI) has been running two ads in ten states that were financed by [[General Motors]] and the [[Ford]] Motor Company," he wrote.<ref>Clayton Sandell John Carey and Bill Blakemore, [http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/GlobalWarming/story?id=2242565&page=1 "ABC News Reporting Cited As Evidence In Congressional Hearing On Global Warming"], ''ABC News'' August 3, 2006.</ref> <ref>Stanley Sarah R. LewandowksiShapiro, [http://achangeinthewindwww.typepadbusinessweek.com/achangeinthewindmagazine/content/files04_33/lewandowski_memob3896001_mz001.pdf htm "MemoGlobal Warming"], Intermountain Rural Electric Association, July 17, 2006.</ref> Asked about his funding on ''CNNBusinessweek'' in August 2002 Michaels rejected the suggestion that industry funding influenced his work. "Well, you know, most of my funding, the vast majority, comes from taxpayer-supported entities. I would make the argument that if funding colors research, I should be certainly biased more towards the taxpayers, of which I am one, than towards industry. But the fact of the matter is, numbers are objective," he said.<ref>Kate O'Beirne, [http://www.cato.org/research/articles/michaels-020819.html Interview with Patrick Michaels], "Capital Gang", CNN, August 1916, 20022004.</ref> ===Working for the Auto Industry=== In 2007 Michaels was retained by Green Mountain Chrysler Plymouth Dodge Jeep, Green Mountain Ford Mercury, Joe Tornabene's GMC, the [[Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers]], the [[DaimlerChyrsler]] Corporation and [[General Motors]] Corporation as an "expert witness" in a case where the auto manufacturers and dealers were suing George Crombie, the Secretary of the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources and others in a bid to prevent the state regulating greenhouse gases. In the process of the discovery of documents and during his deposition Michaels provided details of "New Hope's funding sources and the amount of their funding." However, this information was not publicly available but treated as confidential information. However, in late 2006 Greenpeace filed a motion seeking access to the details of details of the funders of Michaels firm.<ref name="PMAffadavit"/>

In an affidavit a July 2010 Wall Street Journal article entitled "The Climategate Whitewash Continues" Pat Michaels stated that said "as the case moved closer to trial, I learned in conversations with plaintiffIt's counsel that New Hopeimpossible to find anything wrong if you really aren's confidential information might not remain confidential if I testified at trial. Consequently, on or around April 7, 2007, I informed plaintiffs counsel that I would not testify at trial. My sole reason in doing so was concern that my trial testimony would result in the loss of confidentiality for the New Hope informationt looking."<ref name=>"PMAffadavit[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704075604575356611173414140.html]"</ref>

In a 1992 opinion column, Michaels affidavit stated wrote of government agencies that they "large companies are understandably adverse exist to negative publicityperpetuate themselves, and to expand their territory and their political influence. Government agencies behave just like people. The agency goals cannot be accomplished without the largesse of Congress. Thus, the global warming controversy has created an environment begins a peculiar back-scratching in which companies who wish to support New Hope's research political patrons define a particular problem as The Most Important in History. The agency responds by testifying that the end is near unless a few billion is spent pronto-and then it probably will be even worse than we thought. Such issues and advocacy about constituencies include the ozone "hole" (NASA, NSF, EPA); global warming science are increasingly willing (NASA, NSF, DOE, EPA); sexually transmitted diseases (National Institutes of Health, NSF); or roughage shortages (NIH, U.S. Department of Agriculture). The list is as infinite as is the predilection for Homo sapiens to do so only if their support remains confidentialhave nightmares."<ref name>Patrick J. Michaels, [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pmc52c00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22 "PMAffadavitGive Industry a Bigger Role (Title incomplete"], ''Roanoke Times'', December 29, 1992.</ref>===Controversies and criticisms===

====In 2011: Rep. Waxman calls for inquiry, re possibly misleading testimony on industry ties, funding sources====On January 25, 2011, Rep. [[Henry Waxman]] sent a letter to Rep. [[Fred Upton]] seeking to call in Michaels complained for questioning about his science and funding. In the letter, Waxman wrote that Pat Michaels testified before the Energy and Commerce Committee in February 2009 "public disclosure of that widely accepted scientific data had 'overestimated' global warming and that regulation enacted in response to that data could have 'a companyvery counterproductive effect.'s Among the scientists who testified before this Committee on the issue of climate change in the last Congress, Pat Michaels was the only one to dismiss the need to act on climate change ... Dr. Michaels may have provided misleading information about the sources of his funding of New Hope and its employees has already caused considerable financial loss his ties to industries opposed to New Hoperegulation of emissions responsible for climate change. For example, in 2006 "<ref name=kd>[[Trihttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/kert-davies/rep-waxman-presses-for-State Generation & Transmission Association]in_b_813251.html "Rep. Waxman Presses for Inquiry on Global Warming Denier Pat Michaels"]HuffPo, IncJan.25, an electric utility2011.</ref>====In 2010: Assertion in climate testimony that humans caused less than half 1950+ warming (termed "not credible")====Climate scientist Benjamin Santer noted that in Michaels' Congressional testimony of November 2010, Michaels had requested claimed human GHG emissions caused less then half the warming (since 1950), but that this assertion was not credible:<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Warming101 blog|title=Ben Santer clarifies his "...legitimate debate..." statement from last fall's climate testimony|url=http://warming101.blogspot.com/2011/05/ben-santer-clarifies-his-legitimate.html|accessdate=2011-05-28|author=Anna Haynes|date=2011-05-25|quote=(2011-05-25 correspondence)}}</ref><blockquote>"...Professor Patrick Michaels (in Congressional testimony of November 2010) claimed that its support human-caused changes in greenhouse gases explain less than half of $50,000 to New Hope be held confidentialthe post-1950 warming. This claim [by Michaels] is not credible. After Michaels arrives at this support was inadvertently made public incorrect result by another New Hope clientcompletely ignoring the cooling effects of sulfate aerosol particles."</blockquote>====In2009: Cato Institute "just not true" ad, Triand WSJ Op-State informed me that it would no longer support New Hope because ed misdirection re von Storch resignation=========Dec. 2009: Wall Street Journal "tip of adverse publicityiceberg" op-ed misrepresentation, and silence=====An op-ed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=WSJ.com|title=How to Manufacture a Climate Consensus|url=http://online. Also, wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704398304574598230426037244.html|accessdate=2011-10-13|author=Pat Michaels|date=2009-12-17}}</ref> by Michaels in 2006the December 17, when 2009 Wall Street Journal argued that the climate science consensus was illusory. Among his arguments was a $100selective recounting of the Climate Research episode<ref name="stormytimes">{{cite web |author=Clare Goodess |publisher=SGR |title=Stormy Times for Climate Research |url=http://www.sgr.org.uk/climate/StormyTimes_NL28.htm |date=2003-11 |accessdate=2009-12-26 |quote=...Hans von Storch and I were also aware of three earlier Climate Research papers about which people had raised concerns over the review process. In all these cases, de Freitas had had editorial responsibility. }}</ref>: Michaels noted that the "skeptic" paper appeared,000 contract between New Hope whereupon "Messrs. Jones and electric utility [[Intermountain Rural Electric Association]] Mann" threatened to synthesize and research new findings on global warming became public knowledge, a public campaign was initiated to change boycott the composition of journal; then half its editorial board resigned. This recounting is chronologically accurate but causally misleading; the board resignations had been "because of directors so insufficient quality control on a bad paper — a skeptic’s paper, at that there would be no additional funding. That campaign was successful"<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Way Things Break|title=Pat Michaels lying in the Wall Street Journal|url=http://thingsbreak.wordpress.com/2009/12/18/pat-michaels-lying-in-the-wall-street-journal/#comment-3556|accessdate=2011-10-13|author=Things Break (pseudonym)|date=2009-12-18}}</ref>, as Intermountain has not provided further funding."<ref name="PMAffadavitstormytimes"/>

Multiple emails sent to Michaels argued that asking whether he'd been aware this was why the Greenpeace motion seeking disclosure should be rejected as it would "result in New Hope losing clients. I am doubtful that New Hope will continue to stay in business as an effective consultancy ... This is precisely why I did not testify at trial. Although this resulted in a short-term loss of income to meeditors resigned, it assured before he composed the longWall Street Journal op-term viability of New Hope. Besides modest speaking feesed, New Hope is my sole source of income beyond did not elicit a negotiated retirement package from the University of Virginia. Thus, the Greenpeace motion, if granted, would imnperil my livelihoodresponse. Hew Hope also employs the services of other scientists who receive all or a substantial part of their incomes from New Hope. Their livelihoods are also threatened by the Greenpeace motion."<ref name="PMAffadavit"/> (On its website, New Hope Environmental Services does not list its staff. However, the ''World Climate Report'' blog lists its staffEmails from ahaynes, as of May 2009 on a webpage dated March 2005, <ref>[http://www.worldclimatereport.com/index.php/personnel/ "Staff"], ''World Climate Report'' (blog), March 15, 2005.and 2010</ref> as comprising Michaels, [[Robert C. Balling, Jr.]], [[Robert E. Davis]] and [[Paul C. Knappenberger]].)

=====March 2009: Cato Institute ad, and RealClimate rebuttal=====In March 2009, Michaels place, under the auspices of the auto industry groups hired [[John RCato Institute]], circulated a draft advertisement that stated: "Surface temperature changes over the past century have been episodic and modest and there has been no net global warming for over a decade now ... ChristyThe computer models forecasting rapid temperature change abjectly fail to explain recent climate behavior."<ref>Cato Institute, [http://www.realclimate.org/docs/cato_ad.pdf "With all due respect Mr.President, that is not true."], ''Real Climate'', March 2009.</ref> The ad statements were analyzed and criticized in detail at the RealClimate blog.<ref> [http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/03/with-all-due-respect "With all due respect…"], ''RealClimate'', March 24, 2009.</ref>======Followup to Cato ad: RealClimate rebuttal of Feb 2009 Michaels testimony======In support of the statements, [[Chip Knappenberger]] of [[World Climate Report]] as their expert witnessreferred readers to recent (Feb.) testimony by Michaels to the House of Representatives Energy and Environment sub-committee<ref>[http://agenergycommerce.cahouse.gov/globalwarmingPress_111/pdf20090212/Vermont_trial_ordertestimony_michaels.pdf Green Mountain Chrysler Plymouth Dodge Jeep et al vs George Crombie"Testimony of Patrick J. Michaels"], Case NoHouse of Representatives Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, February 12, 2009.</ref> That too was responded to at length by Gavin Schmidt of RealClimate.org. 2<ref>Gavin Schmidt, [http:05//www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/03/michaels-cvnew-302graph "Michaels’ new graph"], September 12''RealClimate'', 2007March 26, page 442009.</ref>

==Controversy over Michaels ==In 2006-7: Use of "State Climatologist for Virginia" Title====While Michaels referred to himself as the State Climatologist for Virginia, in August 2006 the Governor, [[Timothy M. Kaine]], clarified that the appointment was one by the University for its accredited climatology office but not an appointment by the state administration. "The Code of Virginia does not provide for the governor to appoint a state climatologist. My office has been unable to find evidence that any governor since 1980 has made such an appointment," Hanley wrote. While Michales Michaels had been appointed to the position in 1980 by the then Governor John Dalton, in 2000 the American Association of State Climatologists assumed responsibility for certifying climatologists. "Therefore, it is the prerogative of the university to make that appointment," Hanley wrote.<ref>Aaron Kessler, [http://www.tjcenter.org/2007/04/10/censuring-the-censors/ State: Climatologist appointed by university: Michaels no longer Virginia official"], ''Daily Progress'', August 19, 2006. (Scroll down).</ref>

Between December 1998<ref>[http====In 2004://web.archive.org/web/19981205034857/http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/ Michaels-McKitrick Climate paper basic error====Michaels "Scientific Advisers"], Greening Earth Society, website archived from December 1998.</ref> and September 2001<ref>Greening Earth Society, [http://web.archive.org/web/20010925234237/http://greeningearthsociety.org/ "Scientific Advisers"], Greening Earth Society, website archived from September 2001.</ref> he was listed as a "Scientific Advisor" to the co-operated with [[Greening Earth SocietyRoss McKitrick]], a group on another paper that was funded and controlled by the [[Western Fuels Association]] (WFA), an association of coal-burning utility companies. WFA founded the group in 1997, according managed to an archived version of its website, "as a vehicle for advocacy on climate change, the environmental impact of CO2, and fossil fuel useprove" that global warming wasn't happening by mixing up degrees with radians."<ref>Tim Lambert, [http://webscienceblogs.archive.orgcom/webdeltoid/200503082006002004/www.greeningearthsociety.org08/joinmckitrick6.html php "Join GESMcKitrick screws up yet again"], Greening Earth Society website''Deltoid'', August 26, archived from March 20052004.</ref>

Michaels "co====In 2000-operated with [[Ross McKitrick]] on another paper that managed to "prove" that global warming wasn'thappening by mixing up degrees with radians]."<ref>Tim Lambert, [http2003://scienceblogs.com/deltoid/2004/08/mckitrick6.php "McKitrick screws up yet again"]Gleick and suit threat, ''Deltoid''Holdren, August 26Social Epistemology, 2004.</ref>IPCC's Wigley====

In August 20042003 [[Peter Gleick]], a conservation analyst and president of the Oakland-based [[Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment and Security]], said "Pat Michaels told is not one of the nation''Business Week'' "We know how much s leading researchers on climate change. On the planet is going to warm. It contrary, he is one of a very small amountminority of nay-sayers who continue to dispute the facts and science about climate change in the face of compelling, overwhelming, and we can't do anything about itgrowing evidence."<ref>John Carey and Sarah R. ShapiroSeth Slabaugh, [http://www.businessweekpacinst.comorg/magazineclimate_change/content/04_33/b3896001_mz001star_press.htm html "Global Warmingwarming speaker under fire"], ''BusinessweekStar Press''(Muncie, IN), November 18, 2003.</ref> Michaels responded by threatening to sue. (Michaels had gotten another scientist to withdraw similar remarks.)<ref>[http://www.pacinst.org/press_center/censorship/ "Science, Climate Change, and Censorship: The Pacific Institute, Patrick Michaels, and the science of climate change"], August 16Pacific Institute, 2004undated but approx late 2003.</ref>But Gleick stood by his statement and others have joined him.

But Dr. [[Peter GleickJohn Holdren]], a conservation analyst and president of Harvard University told the Oakland-based [[Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment and SecurityU.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee]], said "Pat Michaels is not one another of the nation's leading researchers on handful of US climate -changecontrarians. On .. He has published little if anything of distinction in the contraryprofessional literature, he is one being noted rather for his shrill op-ed pieces and indiscriminate denunciations of a very small minority virtually every finding of nay-sayers who continue to dispute the facts and mainstream climate science about climate change in the face of compelling, overwhelming, and growing evidence."<ref>Seth SlabaughJohn Holdren, [http://www.pacinst.org/climate_change/star_pressstephenschneider.html "Global warming speaker under fire"], ''Star Press'' (Muncie, IN), November 18, 2003stanford.<edu/ref> Michaels responded by threatening to sue. (Michaels had gotten another scientist to withdraw similar remarks.)<ref>[http:Publications/PDF_Papers/wwwHoldrenRPCClimateComments.pacinst.org/press_center/censorship/ pdf "The Shaky Science, Behind the Climate Change, and Censorship: The Pacific Institute, Patrick Michaels, and Sense of the science of climate changeCongress Resolution"], Pacific InstituteUS Senate Republican Policy Committee, June 2, undated but approx late 2003.</ref> But Gleick stood by his statement and others have joined him.

Dr. [[John Holdren]] of Harvard University told An article in the [[U.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee]], journal ''Social Epistemology'' concluded "Michaels is another of the handful of US climate-change contrarians... He has published little if anything of distinction in the professional literature, being noted rather for observations upon which PM [Patrick Michaels] draws his shrill op-ed pieces and indiscriminate denunciations case are not good enough to bear the weight of virtually every finding of mainstream climate sciencethe argument he wishes to make."<ref>John HoldrenSimon Shackley, [http://stephenschneiderwww.stanfordpitt.edu/Publications%7Egordonm/PDF_PapersPubdeb/HoldrenRPCClimateCommentsShackley.pdf "The Shaky Science Behind Commentary on the Climate Change Sense of the Congress Resolutiondebate between James Hansen and Patrick Michaels, November 1998"], US Senate Republican Policy Committee''Social Epistemology'', June 2000, vol. 14, nos. 2/3, 2003pages 181–186.</ref>

And an article in the journal ''Social Epistemology'' concluded "...the observations upon which PM [Patrick Michaels] draws his case are not good enough to bear the weight of the argument he wishes to make."<ref>Simon Shackley, [http====In 1995: Industry scientists://www.pitt.edu/%7Egordonm/Pubdeb/Shackley.pdf "Commentary on the debate between James Hansen and Patrick Michaels, November 1998"], ''Social Epistemology'', 2000, vol. 14, nos. 2/3, pages 181–186.</ref> In March 2009, Michaels, under the auspices of the Cato Institute, circulated a draft advertisement that stated: "Surface temperature changes over the past century have been episodic and modest and there has been no net global warming for over a decade now ... The computer models forecasting rapid temperature change abjectly fail to explain recent climate behavior."<ref>Cato Institute, [http://www.realclimate.org/docs/cato_ad.pdf "With all due respect Mr.President, that is record objections not true."], ''Real Climate'', March 2009.</ref> The ad statements were analyzed and criticized in detail at the RealClimate blog.<ref> [http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/03/with-all-due-respect "With all due respect…"], ''RealClimate'', March 24, 2009.</ref> In support of the statements, [[Chip Knappenberger]] of [[World Climate Report]] referred readers to recent testimony by Michaels to the House of Representatives Energy and Environment sub-committee<ref>[http://energycommerce.house.gov/Press_111/20090212/testimony_michaels.pdf "Testimony of Patrick J. Michaels"], House of Representatives Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, February 12, 2009.</ref> That too was responded to at length by Gavin Schmidt of RealClimate.org.<ref>Gavin Schmidt, [http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/03/michaels-new-graph "Michaels’ new graph"], ''RealClimate'', March 26, 2009.</ref> ==Skeptics Group Discounts Some Skeptics Argumentscogent== An internal 1995 document (pdf) of the [[Global Climate Coalition]] (GCC) -- an industry front group that disbanded in 2002 -- reviewed some of the "contrarian" arguments used by Patrick Michaels, [[Robert Jastrow]], [[Richard Lindzen]] and other climate change skeptics. The document, which was obtained as part of a court action against the automobile industry<ref>Andrew C. Revkin, [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/24/science/earth/24deny.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1&am "Industry Ignored Its Scientists on Climate"], ''New York Times'', April 23, 2009.</ref> concluded that of the arguments reviewed:

An internal 1995 document (pdf) of the [[Global Climate Coalition]] (GCC) -- an industry front group that disbanded in 2002 -- reviewed some of the "contrarian" arguments used by Patrick Michaels and other climate change skeptics.<ref>Andrew C. Revkin, [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/24/science/earth/24deny.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1&am "Industry Ignored Its Scientists on Climate"], ''New York Times'', April 23, 2009.</ref> The document concluded that::...contrarian theories raise interesting questions about our total understanding of climate processes, but they do not offer convincing arguments against the conventional model of greenhouse gas emission-induced climate change. Jastrow's hypothesis about the role of solar variability and ... Michaels' questions about the temperature record are not convincing arguments against any conclusion that we are currently experiencing warming as the result of greenhouse gas emissions. However, neither solar variability nor ...[And] anomalies in the temperature record [do not] offer a mechanism for off-setting the much larger rise in temperature which might occur if the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases were to double or quadruple."<ref name=GCC6">Global Climate Coalition, [https://www.sourcewatch.org/images/8/82/GCC_Primer_Draft.pdf "Primer on Climate Change Science· Final Draft"], January 18, 1996, pages 16-17.</ref>

:"Lindzen' s hypothesis that any warming would create more rain which would cool and dry the uper troposphere did offer a mechanism for balancing the effect of increased greenhouse gases. However, the data supporting this hypothesis is weak, and even Lindzen has stopped presenting it as an alternative to the conventional model of climate change."<ref name=GCC6">Global Climate Coalition, [http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/8/82/GCC_Primer_Draft.pdf "Primer on Climate Change Science· Final Draft"], January 18, 1996, pages 16-17.</ref> ==Affiliations==* [[The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition]], "supporter", 1993;<ref name="TASSC Supporters"/>* Lecturer, European Academy of Ecology, Germany, 1993.<ref name="APCO">Tom Hockaday, [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/awf22d00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22 "International Meeting in Europe on Sound Science"], APCO Associates/GCI Group, May 9, 1994.</ref>* Lecturer, [[World Coal Conference]], New Orleans, LA, 1993.<ref name="APCO"/>* Advisory Board, [[Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow]]<ref name="CFACT"/>* Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin, 1976-1979; Research and Project Assistant;<ref name="SEJ"/>* Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia (Assistant Professor, l980-1986; Associate Professor, 1986-1995; Professor, 1996 -2007);<ref name="SEJ"/>* Virginia State Climatologist 1980- 2007;<ref name="SEJ"/>* Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies, Cato Institute, 1992 - Present<ref name="SEJ"/>* Visiting Scientist, Marshall Institute, 1996 - 2007 (at least).<ref name="SEJ"/> == Books by Michaels==

==Articles and Resourcesresources====Related SourceWatch Articles==*[[Climate change sceptics]]*[[New Hope Environmental Services]] 

===External Articlesresources===* {{cite web|publisher=DeSmogBlog|url=http://www.desmogblog.com/skeptics-prefer-pal-review-over-peer-review-chris-de-freitas-pat-michaels-and-their-pals-1997-2003|title=Biographical notes & profiles=Skeptics Prefer Pal Review Over Peer Review: Chris de Freitas, Pat Michaels And Their Pals, 1997-2003|author=John R. Mashey|date=2011-11-30}}

===Articles and Papers by Michaels==External articles=* Patrick J. Michaels, [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pmc52c00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22 "Give Industry a Bigger Role (Title incomplete"], ''Roanoke Times'', December 29, 1992.* Patrick Michaels, [http://www.globalwarmingheartland.com/Article.cfm?artId=2545 "Ozone Blamed for Lack of Warming"], ''World Climate Report'', New Hope Environmental Services, Volume 1, Number 12, February 1, 1996.* Patrick J. Michaels and R.C. Balling, Jr. 1999. Global warming: The political science of exaggeration. Prometheus 1, 63-70. * J.E. Hansen and Patrick J. Michaels. 2000. AARST Science Policy Forum, New York. Social Epistemology 14:133-186.* R.E. Balling, M.C. MacCracken, Patrick J. Michaels, and A. Robock. 2000. Assessment of uncertainties of predicted global change modelling. Technology 7S:231-257.* R.E. Davis, Patrick J. Michaels, and B.P. Hayden. 2000. Assessment of uncertainties of predicted global change modelling. Pages 401-426 in R. Pielke, Jr. and R. Pielke, Sr., eds., Storms, Volume I. Routledge, New York, New York.* Patrick J. Michaels, P.C. Knappenberger, and R.E. Davis, [http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv23n3/michaels.pdf "The way of warming"], ''Regulation'', [[Cato Institute]], January 1, 2000, Volume 33, pages 10-16.* Patrick J. Michaels, [http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=9749 "The Environmentalists of Summer "], ''Environment & Climate News'', [[Heartland Institute]], June 2000.* Patrick J. Michaels, [http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4490 "An October Environmental Surprise?"], Cato Institute, September 29, 2000. * Patrick J. Michaels, P.C. Knappenberger, R.C. Balling, Jr., and R.E. Davis. 2000. Observed warming in cold anticyclones. Climate Research 14:1-6.* Patrick J. Michaels, and P.C. Knappenberger, [http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2000/2000GL011833.shtml "Natural signals in the MSU lower tropospheric temperature record"], ''Geophysical Research Letters'', August 2, 2000, Volume 27, pages 2905-2908.* Patrick J. Michaels, [http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=1165 "Global warming: Watson indulges in scare tactics . . . again"], ''Environment & Climate News'', Heartland Institute, March 2001.* P.C. Knappenberger, Patrick J. Michaels and R.E. Davis, [http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr/17/c017p045.pdf "The Nature of Observed Temperature Changes Across the United States During the 20th Century"], ''Climate Research'', July 2001, Volume 17, pages 45-53.* J.D. Hux, P.C. Knappenberger, Patrick J. Michaels, and P.J. Stenger, [http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/41304.pdf "Development of a discriminant analysis mixed precipitation (DAMP) forecast model for mid-Atlantic winter storms"], ''Weather and Forecasting'', Number 16, 2001, pages 248-259.* Patrick J. Michaels, "[http://www.washingtontimes.com/commentary/20040906-095901-4595r.htm National Geographic melting down?], ''Washington Times'', September 6, 2004.* Patrick J. Micheals, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/feb/06/antarctic-warming-climate-change "Climate scientists blow hot and cold:] Antarctic warming isn't evidence of climate change – despite what scientists would have us believe", ''Guardian'', February 12, 2009.* Patrick J. Michaels, [http://www.heartland.org/bin/media/newyork09/PowerPoint/Pat_Michaels.ppt "EPA’s Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking"], Presentation to the Heartland Institute's [[International Conference on Climate Change (2009)]], March 9, 2009. (PowerPoint)* Patrick Michaels, [http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/2009/04/05/comments-on-criticism-of-cato-ad/ "Comments on Criticism of Cato Ad"], ''Cato@Liberty'' (blog), April 5, 2009.

===Testimony by =By Michaels====* ''See [[Patrick J. Michaels, Testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Energy - his articles and Power. U. S. Government Printing Office, 1989, Serial No. 010-31, pages 78-86.* Patrick J. Michaels, Testimony to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate. U.S. Government Printing Office. S. Hrg 101-184, 1989, pp 254-262.* Patrick J. Michaels, Testimony to the Foreign Affairs Committee, U.S. House of Representatives, 1993.* Patrick J. Michaels, [http://www.cato.org/testimony/ct-pm-20090212.html "Testimony of Patrick Michaels, Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies, Cato Institute"papers]], House Energy for articles and Commerce Subcommittee on Energy and Environment Climate Crisis: National Security, Economic, and Public Health Threats, February 12, 2009.* Patrick J. papers by Pat Michaels, Testimony to the Subcommittee on International Economic Policy, Export and Trade Promotion, of the Foreign Relations Committee, United States Senate, June 97.* Patrick J. Michaels, Testimony to the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, November 1997.''

''See [[Patrick J. Michaels - his testimony]] for testimony by Pat Michaels.'' ====General articles===*"[http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=4 Factsheet:Patrick J. Michaels]", ''ExxonSecrets'', accessed January 2005.

* [[Joel Achenbach]], "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR2006052301305.html The Tempest:] As evidence mounts that humans are causing dangerous changes in Earth's climate, a handful of skeptics are providing some serious blowback", ''The Washington Post Magazine'', May 28, 2006.* Stanley Lewandowski Jr. "[httphttps://www.sourcewatch.org/images/b/b0/Irea.pdf Memo Intermountain Rural Electric Association memo]", July 17, 2006. (This leaked memo describes IMEA's funding Michaels to the tune of $100,000 in February 2006.) (1MB PDF)

[[Category:Global warming skeptics|Michaels, Patrick]]

[[categoryCategory:Secrecy]][[categoryCategory:Coal Issues]][[Category:Public relations professionals]]