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{{Show badges| Tobaccowiki| Front groups}}Prof. '''Aaron Bernard Wildavsky''' was born on May 31, 1930, in Brooklyn, New York, and died on September 4, 1993. Aaron Wildavsky was Class of 1940 Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at the University of California, Berkeley, where he had been teaching since 1962. He was also a [[tobacco industry]] consultant.

He was a founding director of the [[Science and Environmental Policy Project]] (SEPP) [http://www.sepp.org/abtsepp.html] and he was on May 10, 1993 one of the keynote speakers at a conference in Paris organized by SEPP and the [[International Center for a Scientific Ecology]] (ICSE). His speech was called "Do Rodent Studies Predict Human Cancers?". <ref> Aaron Wildavsky [http://tobaccodocumentslegacy.orglibrary.ucsf.edu/pmtid/bek56e00 Do Rodent Studies Predict Human Cancers?] Scientific report. 1993. 45 pp. Bates No. 2028385413/5457</ref><font color=green>: [SEPP, which became the main climate-5457denial organisation in the USA, was run by [[S.htmlFred Singer] The ] and his wife [[Independent InstituteCandice Crandall]]. It was actually created by APCO, where he the PR firm totally controlled at this time by Philip Morris (as was [[TASSC]] at the same time). Wildavsky would have been little more than a Research Fellow and a member of the Board of Advisorspaid supporter, published this speech in spring 1996 under willing to have his name on the title "Regulation ofCarcinogens: Are Animal Tests a Sound Foundation?". [http://web.archivefoundation documents.org/web/20030621133131</www.independent.org/tii/media/pdf/TIR11_Wildavsky.pdf]font>

Wildavsky is perhaps most famous for his role in developing the Cultural Theory of risk. In 1982, he and anthropologist Mary Douglas wrote Risk and Culture. This book Widavsky was both a critique supporter of environmentalistsTASSC, which they argued shared a worldview with sectarian groups like the Amish, as well as an initial statement [[The Advancement of Cultural Theory. LaterSound Science Coalition]], he co-authored Cultural Theory with Richard Ellis and Michael Thompson, expanding the Cultural Theory concept and showing how it related to earlier theories in political science and anthropologya front group set up by [[Philip Morris]] through a public relations firm.

== Involvement with The [[Independent Institute]], where he was listed as a Research Fellow and a member of the Tobacco Industry ==Board of Advisors, published this speech in spring 1996 under the title "Regulation of Carcinogens: Are Animal Tests a Sound Foundation?". This work was later cited in a work titled "Passive Smoke: The EPA's Betrayal of Science and Policy" authored by two other tobacco industry scientific lobbyists, [[Gio Batta Gori]] and [[John Luik|John C. Luik]] <ref>Aaron Wildavsky [http://web.archive.org/web/20030621133131/www.independent.org/tii/media/pdf/TIR11_Wildavsky.pdf Regulation of Carcinogens: Are Animal Tests a Sound Foundation?] The Independent Review. Volume 1, Number 1, Spring 1996</ref><ref>Gio Gori and John Luik [Passive Smoke: The EPA's Betrayal of Science and Policy] Printout/scientific publication. 1999. 12 pp. Philip Morris Bates No. 2064801644/1655</ref>

Widavsky was a supporter Wildavsky is perhaps most famous for his role in developing the Cultural Theory of TASSCRisk. In 1982, the he and anthropologist [[The Advancement of Sound Science CoalitionMary Douglas]]wrote "Risk and Culture". This book was both a critique of environmentalists which they argued, shared a front group set up by [[Philip Morris]] through a public relations firmworldview with sectarian groups like the Amish, as well as an initial statement of Cultural Theory. Later, he co-authored Cultural Theory with Richard Ellis and Michael Thompson, expanding the Cultural Theory concept and showing how it related to earlier theories in political science and anthropology.

Wildavsky was also a paid consultant to the tobacco industry in 1979. He completed a project for the [[International Committee on Smoking Issues]] [[Social Acceptability Working Party]]([[ICOSI]]/[[SAWP]])analyzing anti-smoking groups with regard to their organization, leadership and publications. Payments to Wildavsky were made through the tobacco industry's law firm of Jacob, Medinger, which managed "Special Account No. 4" (external research programs) for the industry. Special Account #4 was established to fund research by selected expert witnesses in preparation of testimony either directly related to a particular case, or prepared witnesses to testify at congressional or other public hearings, or other research the lawyers deemed useful to the industry.[<ref>http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft8489p25j= Documents &brandTimeline ==eschol Glantz et al, The Cigarette Papers, Chapter 8, Lawyer Management of Scientific Research</ref>][http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zfx36e00] [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/toe99d00][http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ase99d00][http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ooe99d00]

Special Account #4 was established to fund research by selected expert witnesses in preparation of testimony either directly related to a particular case, or prepared witnesses to testify at congressional or other public hearings, or other research the lawyers deemed useful to the industry.<ref>Stanton Glantz. John Slade. Lisa A. Bero, Peter Hanauer. Deborah E. Barnes; Regents of the University of California [http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft8489p25j&brand= Related Links eschol Glantz et al, The Cigarette Papers, Chapter 8, Lawyer Management of Scientific Research] The University of California Press. 1998.</ref><ref>[http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zfx36e00 Minutes of the Thirteenth Meeting of ICOSI / SAWP Brussels 791023 - 791024] Meeting minutes. October 24, 1979. Philip Morris Bates No. 2023024461/4470</ref><ref> L.E. Graymer, Institute for Policy Management and Research [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/toe99d00 Invoice for project expenses incurred during June 1979 (790600)] Invoice. 1 page. June 28, 1979. R.J. Reynolds Bates No.500035410</ref><ref>L.E. Graymer, Institute for Policy Management and Research [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ase99d00 Invoice for project expenses incurred during May 1979 (790500)] Invoice. June 6, 1979. 1 page. R.J. Reynolds Bates No. 500035653</ref><ref> L.E. Graymer, Institute for Policy Management and Research [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ooe99d00 Invoice for project expenses incurred during May 1979 (790500)] Invoice. June 6, 1979. 1 page. R.J. Reynolds Bates No.500035405 </ref><hr> <B>1979</B> Professors [[Richard E Wagner]] and [[Robert Tollison]] began working with the tobacco industry's international propaganda organisation, ICOSI ([[International Committee on Smoking Issues]]) at this time. ICOSI was also recruiting a number of other academics -- from toxicologists to sociologists; philosophers and economists. Sherwin Feinhandler was one of their first, and he was paid today's equivalent of about a million dollars for his services over a few years. <TABLE border=1 width = 98% align=center bgcolor=#eeeedd cellpadding=5 rules=all> <tr bgcolor=#cccccc> <TH>ICOSI </th> </tr> <TR> <TD>The International Committee on Smoking Issues (ICOSI) was put together by the international tobacco companies at a secret meeting in the UK, under the code-name "[[Operation Berkshire]]". It was a European-based organisation of executives and lobbyists for the global industry which was established to combat the growing pressures to fight against smoking, both for smoker-health and non-smoker "passive smoking" reasons. It did so by recruiting recognised experts to perform various tasks. The main aim was to confuse scientific, medical and economic arguments. <br>ICOSI had a number of sub-committees, one of which was the '''[[Social Acceptability Working Party]] (SAWP)''' which hired consultant [[George Berman]] of Devon Management in the USA to create a small cabal of prominent academics who would work for the industry without revealing their connections. The most prominent of these were: * [[Robert Tollison]] - economist, then at Virginia Polytechnic * [[Richard Wagner]] - economist, Auburn Univeristy * [[Peter Berger]] - sociologist at Rutgers university * [[Sherwin J Feinhandler]] - cultural anthropologist Harvard University Medical School * [[Robert Nozik]] - philosopher at Harvard Uni * [[Aaron Wildavsky]] - political scientist at UCLA Berkley </TD> </TR> </TABLE>  <hr><B>1979 Jan 30</b> Tobacco law firm, [[Jacob & Medinger]] (J&M) presents a supplementary bill for the consultant's services. They have added a few new names and entries for ICOSI/SAWP operations: * [[Dr Peter Berger]] -- $750 * [[Edward Harris]] -- $766 (additional payment) * Prof [[Robert Tollison]] </B> -- $1200 (additional payment by SA1 Ck) * Prof [[Robert McCormick]] -- $1125 (by SAI Ck) * [[Aaron Wildavsky[]]'s [[Institute for Policy and Management Research]] $16,000 Also another account: * '[[Prof Robert Tollison]] </B> -- $957 paid through SA1 (April) * [[Richard E Wagner]] </B> -- $1740 paid through SA1 (April) * [[Edward Harris]] -- $2,134 paid through SA1 (June) * [[Peter Berger]] -- $1500 paid through SA1 (June) ::<I>[Note: SA1 refers to the secret set of accounts that the tobacco industry ran through the J&M lawyers to hide payments from discovery. SA1 = Special Account #1. The numbers corresponded to their current list of Special Projects. These projects and accounts were kept hidden from the Scientific Advisory Boards and from everyone else not in the core group of tobacco conspirators. The lawyers had their own Special Project accounts, and Philip Morris also used the system internally.]</I> Also awaiting approval was an account for * [[Sherwin J Feinhandler|SJ Feinhandler]] -- $15,642 * [[Weiss/Watson]] -- $8168 - market promoters [[Philip Weiss]] and [[David Watson]] [http://industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/qqcb0053] * [[Aaron Wildavsky]]'s [[Institute for Policy and Management Research]] -- $20,283 (Aaron Wildavsky)<font color=green>: [Note: Wildavsky always seems to have been paid through this phantom Institute.]</font> Estimates for month of June were * [[Sherwin Feinhandler|SJ Feinhandler]] -- $16,000 * [[Robert Tollison]]''' -- $ 250 * [[RichardE Wagner]] -- $ 250 * [[Aaron Wildavsky]]'s [[Institute for Policy and Management Research]] -- $16,000 [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qqe99d00/pdf] [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/erf22a00/pdf] <font color=green> : [Note: At about this time $15,000 would buy you a modest house in most cities]</font><hr>  <TABLE border=1 width = 98% align=center bgcolor=#eeeedd cellpadding=5 rules=all> <tr bgcolor=#cccccc> <TH>George Berman's analysis of Social Cost problems and strategy. </th> </tr> <TR> <TD><B>(May 1979)</B> ICOSI consultant [[George Berman]] pointed to the rising clamour about the cost to various countries of smoking-related diseases which are paid for by the wider society. <BLOCKQUOTE><I> It would be pointless to just dispute these arguments with similar data, to attack their numbers with our numbers. Instead, our strategy is to attack the concept of social cost analysis. We have found that these concepts are most vulnerable. If we can undermine the concepts, then we do not have to enter into public debate over specific numbers. Our attack consists of four major themes: # These Social Cost concepts are bad economics # They do not fit into a philosophy of personal freedom and civil liberty. # Smoking benefits the society and its members in many complex ways # Anti-smoking programs and groups are harmful to our society. </I></BLOCKQUOTE> He goes on to develop arguments about the countermeasures he believes to be necessary. Firstly he attacks <u>cost-benefit</u> analysis, saying: <BLOCKQUOTE><I> "The application of social cost analysis to smoking is defective economics applied to uncertain data. To develop this point we have called on two leading economists from the [[Center for Study of Public Choice]], at Virginia Polytechnic Institute. </I></BLOCKQUOTE> He has also asked others to contribute: The list shows the following with the line they were expected to promote:* Dr [[Richard Wagner]]* Dr [[Robert Tollison]] (see material below). * Dr [[Robert Nozick]], Professor of Philosophy, Harvard University HE IS A prominent guru of Libertarianism. * [[Sherwin J Feinhandler]], President of Social Systems Analysts and lecturer at Harvard University Medical School wrote on ''How smoking defines your personal space!'' * Dr [[Peter Berger]] Professor of Sociology at Rutgers University who notes that ''many techniques which strengthen the position of the religious advocate are found among anti-smokers: "Elitism Messianic Drive, Punishment... Class Antagonism.'' * Dr [[Aaron Wildavsky]], </B> of UCLA Berkeley '' ...to isolate and define the motivations and the alliances of the active anti-smoking leadership. They are anti-capitalist, anti-industrial, anti-multinational and countermodern.''<font color=green>: Note: Wildavsky was paid through the [[Institute for Policy and Management Research]]</font> [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gie29d00/pdf] </TD> </TR> </TABLE>  <hr><B>1979 May 14</b>[[George Berman]], has prepared a speech to be delivered at a meeting of the ICOSI group in Europe (later INFOTAB) He plans to discuss '''Social Costs - Social Values''' <I> to introduce European tobacco lobbyists associated with the Social Acceptability Working Party (SAWP) to the concepts of economics -- and to acquaint them with ICOSI's strategy to counter ''Social Cost'' claims. </i>: '[Note: The claims he challenges are that '''smokers impose an 'external' cost on society''', and therefore high cigarette excises are justified. : SAWP counter this with a 'rights' argument: that non-smokers must accept the right of smokers to smoke.] '' Berman has put together a core team of US academics -- and this speech is an attempt to widen his group by also recruiting European academics.  He identifies their academic helpers: * Richard Wagner and Robert Tollison are economists who are willing to help the industry. <BLOCKQUOTE><I> Dr [[Richard E Wagner]] is the author of 11 books and monographs, and over 20 articles in the field of public finance and economics. During the last six months he was Visiting Professor of Economics at the renowned University Of Konstanz. His colleague, Dr [[Robert Tollison]] has served as a consultant to the US government Treasury Department, Commerce Department, Office of Technology Assessment and the Council On Wage And Price Stability.  These two gentlemen are co-authors of a forthcoming book called <u> ''Personal Liberty, State Action And Economic Coordination'' </u>, a title which certainly covers the subject of this project. The economists working on this project are first developing a "Layman's Guide" to social cost/benefit analysis. This ''Layman's Guide'' will include the participation of economists from countries other than the United States. When a basic position has been established, the economists will examine closely the social cost papers which have appeared in each country. A critique of each paper will be filed with ICOSI alongside the paper itself.. This will provide us with a weapon against arbitrary, careless attacks using "Social Cost" as a rationale. </I></BLOCKQUOTE> '''[SEE long refererence in ICOSI''' to the rest of this rvealings speach, detailing the role to be played by the other academic participants + quotes]* [[Robert Nozick]] -- an eminent US philosopher. * [[Sherwin J Feinhandler]] - US cultural anthropologist * Dr [[Peter Berger]] a British sociologist and author. * Dr [[Aaron Wildavsky]] is a UCLA, Berkely political scientist.[http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tbc16e00/pdf]  <hr><B>1979 Dec</B> Annual reconciliation for the Tobacco Institute's <B>Special Account #1 </B> (Jan-Dec 79). Payments were made originally via RJ Reynolds and then refunded by ICOSI. <BLOCKQUOTE>* Prof. [[Aaron Wildavsky]] paid [Inst.Policy & Mgmt Res,] $16,000 (Mar); $20,283 (June); $30,204 (Jul); $2951 (Oct) -- $122,124 for the year.* <u>Prof. [[Sherwin Finehandler]]</u> (Social Systems Analysts) paid $15,642 (June), $29,296 in July, $37.358 in Oct -- $82,296 for the year* Prof. [[Robert Tollison]] paid $2157 (Mar); $2000 (June); $2693 (Jul); $1672 (Oct) -- $ 8,521 for year * Prof [[Richard Wagner]] paid $1740 (Mar); $2000 (June); $3208 (Jul); $1600 (Oct) -- $ 8,548 for year* Prof. [[Robert McCormick]] paid $1,125 in May * Prof. [[Peter Berger]] paid $ 1,500 (May); $855 (Jul) -- $2,355 for the year* Prof. [[Edward Harris]] paid $2,900 (May); $2850 (Jul); $6080 (Oct) -- $11,830 for year* Prof. [[Steven Littlechild]] paid $1877 (July); $2,446 (Oct) -- $4,323 for the year* Prof [[Norman Heimstra]] received $12,998 in October * Prof [[Robert Nozick]] received $8,104 in July * D Maxey received $4,000 in October (unknown) </UL> [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/doe99d00/pdf]</BLOCKQUOTE> <hr> <b> 1980 Nov</b> (CONTEXT)<font color=brown> Ronald Reagan as been elected as President with George HW Bush as his Vice President.</font><HR> <b>1981 Jan 7</b> (At time of Reagan's inauguration) The document '''"Social Costs/Social Values (Progress Report)"''' has been prepared (probably by [[George Berman]] to give the dissembler-executives in the various cigarette companies around the world an overview of the activities of the relatively new international lobby operation called ICOSI ([[International Committee on Smoking Issues]]). ICOSI was located in Brussels with [[Mary Covington]] as director and its most active subcommittee was known as SAWP.* SAWP ([[Social Acceptability Working Party]]) was working on various schemes to make second-hand smoke (ETS) acceptable (or at least, not prohibited).* They had hired numerous mercenary academics to produce propaganda: [[Robert Tollison]], [[Richard Wagner]], [[Peter Witonski]] (US economists);* [[Sherwin Feinhandler]], [[Stephen Littlechild]], [[Peter Berger]], [[Aaron Wildavsky]] (all well-known academics.)* [[Alan Woodfield]] and Australian/New Zealand academic was writing a paper for the Wharton conference* The [[Wharton School of Business]] and the [[Wharton Applied Research Center]] (WARC) in Philadelphia both acted as fronts for tobacco industry operations -- in this case for a loaded Social Cost conference of economists and businessmen. (They did this regularly): These conferences were focussed on countering the "Social Cost" argument which blamed tobacco smoke for both health and environmental costs (both with smokers and non-smokers) Smokers were less productive, had greater absentee rates, offices required more air-conditioning and cleaning, etc.* [[A.T. Kearney]], a contract company was engaged in some surreptitious activity and was expanding its workforce, and devising a work plan to attack the workplace smoking ban movement.* [[Matrix Corporate Affairs]] in London was developing a project on smoking as a civil liberty right.* ICOSI's main focus was on the [[World Health Organisation]], trying to block it from running an anti-smoking program by questioning its budget priorities. The tobacco industry turned its enormous financial resources onto attacking the WHO for wasting money on smoking, that should (in their opinion) be spent on third-world diseases, research on drugs, fighting malaria, etc.: * ICOSI was having problems with some members of '''National Manufacturer Associations (NMAs)'''(some from developing countries) who didn't see anti-WHO activity as a priority. The donations which funded WHO's anti-smoking programs had been 'earmarked' for this; and therefore unlikely to be abandoned.;; There is a long analysis piece here about WHO and the anti-smoking movement.This 9-page document gives a good outline of the activities that the tobacco industry had going worldwide in 1981. [http://industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/sycw0072]<hr> <b>1982</b> Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky '''Risk and Culture''' (University of Califotnia Press . Berkeley, California. 1982). A comment by another tobacco lobbyist [[Frank Furedi]], says (in 'Culture of Fear') about this book that <blockquote>Mary Douglass and Aaron Wildavsky have argued that modern societies are confronted with an increased awareness of risks because more decisions are now taken in an atmosphere of uncertainty (rather than being the) reflection of increased real dangers. [http://industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/lsfd0204]</blockquote><hr> <b>1993 May</b> Wildavsky was one of the keynote speakers at a conference in Paris organized by SEPP and the [[International Center for a Scientific Ecology]] (ICSE). His speech was called "Do Rodent Studies Predict Human Cancers?". [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bek56e00]<hr><b>1996</b> *Winner of the 1996 [[Grawemeyer Award]] <ref>[http://grawemeyer.org/winners/previous-winners.html/ Previous Winners], Grawemeyer Awards, accessed March 23, 2009</ref>  ==SourceWatch resources== == External resources ==

[[Category:Public Relationsrelations]][[Category:Tobacco documents biographies|Wildavsky, Aaronindustry consultants]]