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<div style="float:right;width: 250px;margin:0 0 1em 1em"> [[Image:Korea_(179)_small.jpg|250px|right|thumb]]<br>''North Korean propaganda of a soldier destroying the US Capitol'' </div> '''Propaganda''' is a specific type of [[message]] presentation, aimed at serving an agenda. Even if the message conveys true information, it may be [[partisan ]] and fail to paint a complete picture. ==Kinds of The book ''Propaganda== Propaganda shares many techniques with [[advertising]] or [[public relations]]; in factAnd Persuasion'' defines propaganda as "the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, advertising and PR can be said direct behavior to be propaganda promoting achieve a commercial product. As commonly understood, however, response that furthers the desired intent of the term usually refers to political or [[nationalism|nationalist]] messagespropagandist. " It can take the form of leaflets, posters, TV broadcasts or radio broadcastsThe [https://www.prwatch. In a narrower org Center for Media and more common use of Democracy] (CMD) was launched in 1993 to create what at the time was the term, propaganda refers to deliberately false or misleading information that supports a political cause or the interests of those in power. The propagandist seeks only public interest and media organization dedicated to exposing organized corporate and government [[propaganda]] and its impacts on democracy and democratic social change the way people understand an issue or situation, for the purpose of changing their actions and expectations in ways that are desirable to the interest group. In this sense, propaganda serves as <ref>[http://www.scribd.com/doc/57070024/The-Propaganda-Model The Propaganda Model: a corollary to [[censorship]retrospective], in which the same purpose is achievedJournalism Studies, Volume 1, Number 1, 2000, not by filling people's heads with false informationpp. 101–112, but by preventing people from knowing true informationEdward S. What sets propaganda apart from other forms Herman, University of advocacy is the willingness Pennsylvania, USA</ref>  ==Kinds of the propagandist to change people's understanding through Propaganda== Propaganda shares many techniques with [[advertising]] or [[deceptionpublic relations]] and confusion; in fact, rather than persuasion advertising and understanding. The leaders of an organization know the information PR can be said to be one sided or untrue but this may not be true for the rank and file members who help to disseminate the propaganda. Propaganda is promoting a mighty weapon in [[war]]commercial product. In this case its aim is As commonly understood, however, the term usually refers to dehumanize political or [[nationalism|nationalist]] messages. It can take the enemy form of leaflets, posters, TV broadcasts or radio broadcasts. In a narrower and to create hatred against more common use of the term, propaganda refers to deliberately false or misleading information that supports a special grouppolitical cause or the interests of those in power. The technique is propagandist seeks to create a false image in change the mind. This can be done by using special wordsway people understand an issue or situation, special avoidance for the purpose of words or by saying changing their actions and expectations in ways that are desirable to the enemy is responsible for certain things he never didinterest group. In every this sense, propaganda war two things are needed: Injustice and Faint. The faint or the injustice may be fictitious or may be based on facts, the aim is always serves as a corollary to create [[hatecensorship]]. Propaganda , in which the same purpose is also one of the methods used in [[psychological warfare]]achieved, not by filling people's heads with false information, but by preventing people from knowing true information. More in line with What sets propaganda apart from other forms of advocacy is the religious roots willingness of the term, propagandist to change people's understanding through [[Anti-cult movement|anti-cult activistsdeception]] accuse and [[the leaders power of [[cultconfusion|cultsconfusion]] of using propaganda extensively to recruit followers , rather than persuasion and keep themunderstanding. The leaders of an organization know the information to be one sided or untrue but this may not be true for the rank and file members who help to disseminate the propaganda. ''Examples of political propaganda:'' * Propaganda is a mighty weapon in [[United Kingdom|Englishwar]]] propaganda . In this case its aim is usually to dehumanize the enemy and to create hatred against [[w:Germany|Germany]] a special group. The technique is to create a false image in the [[w:First World War|First World War]]mind. This can be done by using special words, see [[RMS Lusitania]] * [[Nazi Germany|German]] special avoidance of words or by saying that the enemy is responsible for certain things he never did. In every propaganda against war two things are needed: Injustice and Faint. The faint or the injustice may be fictitious or may be based on facts, the aim is always to create [[w:Poland|Polandhate]] to start .  Propaganda is also one of the methods used in [[w:Second World War|Second World Warpsychological warfare]]. More in line with the religious roots of the term, see [[Attack on Sender GleiwitzAnti-cult movement|anti-cult activists]] accuse the leaders of [[cult|cults]] In an even narrower, less commonly used but legitimate sense of the term, using propaganda refers only extensively to false information meant to reassure people who already believerecruit followers and keep them. The assumption is that, if people believe something false, they will constantly be assailed by doubts. Since these doubts are unpleasant (see  ''Examples of political propaganda:''* [[cognitive dissonanceUnited Kingdom|English]] propaganda against [[w:Germany|Germany]]), people will be eager to have them extinguished, and are therefore receptive to the reassurances of those in power. For this reason propaganda is often addressed to people who are already sympathetic to the agenda. Propaganda has sometimes been classified as "white[[w:First World War|First World War]]," "black" or "gray." '''White see [[RMS Lusitania]] * [[Nazi Germany|German]] propaganda''' generally comes from an openly identified source and is not intentionally deceptive. '''Black propaganda''' pretends against [[w:Poland|Poland]] to be from a friendly sourcestart the [[w:Second World War|Second World War]], see [[Attack on Sender Gleiwitz]] In an even narrower, less commonly used but is actually from an adversary and is intended legitimate sense of the term, propaganda refers only to deceive its audience. '''Gray propaganda''' falls somewhere between white and blackfalse information meant to reassure people who already believe. == History of Propaganda == <div style="float:left;width:165px;margin:0 0 1em 1em"> The assumption is that, if people believe something false, they will constantly be assailed by doubts. Since these doubts are unpleasant (see [[Image:Iwantyou3_small.jpg|165px|left|thumbcognitive dissonance]]<br>''World War I recruiting poster for ), people will be eager to have them extinguished, and are therefore receptive to the Ureassurances of those in power.SFor this reason propaganda is often addressed to people who are already sympathetic to the agenda. Army, designed by the Creel Committee'' </div>  Propaganda has sometimes been a human activity classified as far back as reliable recorded evidence exists"white," "black" or "gray. The writings of Romans like [[Livy]] are considered masterpieces of pro-Roman statist " '''White propaganda''' generally comes from an openly identified source and is not intentionally deceptive. '''Black propaganda. The term itself''' pretends to be from a friendly source, however, originated in Europe in 1622, shortly after the start of the [[w:Thirty Yearsbut is actually from an adversary and is intended to deceive its audience. '''Gray propaganda'' War|Thirty Years' War]], which pitted Catholics against Protestantsfalls somewhere between white and black. Catholic Pope Gregory XV founded Sacred Congregation  ''Other general methods used for the Propagation of the Faith (controlling populations:''sacra congregatio christiano nomini propagando 1) '' or, briefly, 'Isolation/control'propaganda fide''): Isolating groups can take many forms whether racial, the department of the pontifical administration charged with the spread of Catholicism demographic or social. Isolating groups politically can be a simple or complex process but always results in leveraged control and potential political marginalization with the regulation of ecclesiastical affairs potential ultimate control as in nona one-Catholic countries (mission territory)party state. Originally Propaganda is an essential tool in providing the term was not intended information to refer that will allow a particular group of people to misleading informationbe isolated from the mass. The modern political sense of the term "propaganda" dates from World War I2) '''Confusion/diversion''': Splitting a major issue into separate components can work to resurrect failed but desired consequences, and was not originally pejorativefor example when one contentious element of an issue fails related or independent components of the issue serve as new justifications. Propaganda techniques were first codified and applied For example the original goal in a scientific manner by journalist [[Walter LippmanIraq]] and psychologist was the quest for [[Edward BernaysWMD]] (nephew 's but when WMD's were disproved the issue was transformed to providing "freedom and liberty" for the Iraqi people, and later on simply the idea of toppling [[Sigmund FreudSaddam Hussein]]) early in was the [[20th century]]desired goal. During World War I  3) '''Separation''': Related to isolation and control, Lippman behaviorial psychologists sometimes refer to the principle of ''"divide and conquer"''. Divide and conquer is an extremely useful tool to maintain control over disparate groups and Bernays both worked for propaganda provides the [[Committee for Public Information]] (known informally as information upon which ''separation'' is based. 4) '''Reaction''': strength is based upon action and it is desirable to place the Creel Committee after its directorpeople and unruly groups in positions where they must ''react'', [[George Creel]]), which was created by Upropaganda is a useful tool and adjunct in forcing people to react as a large group.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] to sway popular opinion to enter Government takes its strength from action where the war on strong act upon certain information and the side of Britainweak and unwary are left to react. The Creel Committee5) '''Disinformation as weakness'''s pro-war propaganda campaign of produced within six months : weakness is indicated by reaction, reaction is induced by misinformation and disinformation. Strength is manifest in action to which an intense anti-German hysteriaadjunct may be the supply of misinformation or disinformation. Its success permanently impressed American [[business]] (Individuals must not be allowed to act or think independently, and [[Adolf Hitler]], among others, with individuals must not be permitted to act in the potential face of large-scale propaganda government coercion. By forcing people to control public opinion. Bernays coined the terms "group mind" react to disinformation and "engineering consent", important concepts misinformation ''individuals in practical propaganda workpower'' can pursue their own private agenda. The current [[public relations]] industry is 6) '''Coercion''': ''a direct outgrowth of the Creel Committeegovernment's work and capability is still used extensively determined'' by the United States government's ability to coerce citizens into adopting certain behaviors. Several of In this manner the early figures in government may ''control and condition'' its people or the public relations industry were members of government cannot be successful. ''Propaganda'' is an essential tool and sometimes directs the manner in which the Creel Committee, including Bernays, [[Ivy Lee]] and [[Carl Byoir]]coercion is focused. [[World War II]] saw continued use == From the dictionary ==From the ''Department of propaganda as a weapon Defense Dictionary of warMilitary and Associated Terms'', both by Hitler's propagandist [[Joseph Goebbels]] a 742-page and the British growing work, most recently amended in November ([[Political Warfare Executive]]http://jdeis.cornerstoneindustry.com/jdeis/dictionary/qsDictionaryPortlet. jsp?group== Nazi Germany == Most propaganda dod online here]); cited in Germany was produced by the Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (Peter Edidin, "Promi" in German abbreviation)[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/30/weekinreview/30word. html [[Joseph GoebbelsGive a Blood Chit to the Confusion Agent]] was placed " (''New York Times'', January 30) #"Any thought or idea expressed briefly in charge of this ministry shortly after Hitler took power a plain or secret language and prepared in 1933a form suitable for transmission by any means of communication. All journalists"<br>&mdash;Definition of "message"#"Any form of communication in support of national objectives designed to influence the opinions, emotions, writersattitudes, and artists were required or behavior of any group in order to register with one of the Ministry's subordinate chambers for benefit the press, fine arts, music, theater, film, literaturesponsor, either directly or radioindirectly. The Nazis believed in "<br>&mdash;Definition of "propaganda as a vital tool ," in achieving their goals. [[Adolf Hitler]]above cited dictionary#"Those overt international public information activities of the united states government designed to promote united states foreign policy objectives by seeking to understand, inform, Germany's Führerand influence foreign audiences and opinion makers, was impressed and by broadening the power of Allied propaganda during [[w:World War I|World War I]] dialogue between american citizens and institutions and believed that it had been a primary cause their counterparts abroad."<br>&mdash;Definition of the collapse of morale and revolts "public diplomacy," in the German home front and Navy in 1918above cited dictionary == History of Propaganda == <divstyle="float:left;width:165px;margin:0 1em 1em 0">[[Image:Iwantyou3_small. Hitler would meet nearly every day with Goebbels to discuss jpg|165px|left|thumb]]<br>''World War I recruiting poster for the news and Goebbels would obtain Hitler's thoughts on U.S. Army, designed by the subject; Goebbels would then meet with senior Ministry officials Creel Committee''</div> An example of propaganda from an earlier authoritarian and pass down militaristic culture are the official Party line on world events. Broadcasters and journalists required prior approval before their works were disseminated. Hitler and other powerful high ranking Nazis such as [[Reinhard Heydrich]] had no moral qualms about spreading writings of Romans like [[Livy]], which are considered masterpieces of pro-Roman statist propaganda which they themselves knew to be false. Nazi disinformation came to be known as The term itself, however, originated in Europe in 1622, shortly after the start of the [[Big Lie]] (ironicallyThirty Years' War, a term that Hitler coined initially to describe what he characterized as dishonest propaganda by [[Jews]]). Nazi propaganda before which pitted Catholics against Protestants. Catholic Pope Gregory XV founded Sacred Congregation for the start of World War II had several distinct audiences: * German audiences were continually reminded Propagation of the struggle Faith (''sacra congregatio christiano nomini propagando'' or, briefly, ''propaganda fide''), the department of the Nazi Party pontifical administration charged with the spread of Catholicism and Germany against foreign enemies and internal enemies, especially Jewswith the regulation of ecclesiastical affairs in non-Catholic countries (mission territory). Originally the term was not intended to refer to misleading information. * Ethnic Germans in countries such as [[w:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]], [[w:Poland|Poland]]The modern political sense of the term "propaganda" dates from World War I, the and was not originally pejorative. Propaganda techniques were first codified and applied in a scientific manner by journalist [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet UnionWalter Lippman]], and the psychologist [[w:Baltic states|Baltic statesEdward Bernays]] were told that blood ties to Germany were stronger than their allegiance to their new countries. * Potential enemies, such as (nephew of [[w:France|FranceSigmund Freud]] and [[w:Great Britain|Great Britain) early in the 20th century. During World War I, Lippman and Bernays both worked for the [[Committee on Public Information]](known informally as the Creel Committee after its director, were told that Germany had no quarrel with the people of the country[[George Creel]]), but that their governments were trying which was created by U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] to sway popular opinion to start a enter the war with Germanyon the side of Britain. * All audiences were reminded of the greatness of German cultural, scientific, and military achievements. Until the [[w:Battle of Stalingrad|Battle of Stalingrad]]The Creel Committee's conclusion on February ], 1943, German pro-war propaganda emphasized the prowess of campaign produced within six months an intense anti-German arms hysteria. Its success permanently impressed American business (and Adolf Hitler, among others, with the humanity German soldiers had shown potential of large-scale propaganda to control public opinion. Bernays coined the peoples of occupied territories. In contrast, British terms "group mind" and Allied fliers were depicted as cowardly murderers"engineering consent", and Americans important concepts in particular as gangsters in the style of [[w:Al Capone|Al Capone]]practical propaganda work. The current public relations industry is a direct outgrowth of the Creel Committee's work and is still used extensively by the United States government. At Several of the early figures in the same time, German propaganda sought to alienate Americans and British from each otherpublic relations industry were members of the Creel Committee, including Bernays, [[Ivy Lee]] and both these Western belligerents from the Soviets[[Carl Byoir]]. After Stalingrad, the main theme changed to Germany [[World War II]] saw continued use of propaganda as the sole defender a weapon of Western European culture against war, both by Hitler's propagandist [[Joseph Goebbels]] and the "Bolshevist hordesBritish [[Political Warfare Executive]]." The introduction of  == Nazi Germany == Most propaganda in Germany was produced by the V-1 Ministry for Public Enlightenment and V-2 Propaganda ("vengeance weaponsPromi" in German abbreviation). Joseph Goebbels was emphasized to convince Britons placed in charge of the hopelessness of defeating Germany. Goebbels committed suicide this ministry shortly after Hitler on April 30, 1945took power in 1933. In his steadAll journalists, [[Hans Fritzsche]]writers, who had been head and artists were required to register with one of the Radio ChamberMinistry's subordinate chambers for the press, fine arts, music, theater, film, literature, was tried and acquitted by the [[w:Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg war crimes tribunal]]or radio. == Cold War Propaganda == The United States and the [[Soviet Union]] both used Nazis believed in propaganda extensively during the [[Cold War]]as a vital tool in achieving their goals. Both sides used filmAdolf Hitler, television and radio programming to influence their own citizens, each other Germany's F? was impressed by the power of Allied propaganda during World War I and believed that it had been a primary cause of the collapse of morale and revolts in the German home front and Third World nationsNavy in 1918. The [[United States Information Agency]] operated Hitler would meet nearly every day with Goebbels to discuss the [[Voice of America]] as an official government station. [[Radio Free Europe]] news and [[Radio Liberty]], in part supported by Goebbels would obtain Hitler's thoughts on the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], provided gray propaganda in news and entertainment programs to Eastern Europe subject; Goebbels would then meet with senior Ministry officials and pass down the Soviet Union respectivelyofficial Party line on world events. The Soviet Union's official government station Radio Moscow, broadcast white propaganda, while Radio Peace Broadcasters and Freedom broadcast grey propagandajournalists required prior approval before their works were disseminated. Both sides also broadcast black propaganda programs around special crisesHitler and other powerful high ranking Nazis such as [[Reinhard Heydrich]] had no moral qualms about spreading propaganda which they themselves knew to be false. One of the most insightful authors of Nazi disinformation came to be known as the Cold War was [[George OrwellBig Lie]](ironically, whose novels ''[[wa term that Hitler coined initially to describe what he characterized as dishonest propaganda by Jews). Nazi propaganda before the start of World War II had several distinct audiences:Animal Farm|Animal Farm]]'' and ''[[w:Nineteen Eighty-Four|Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' are virtual textbooks on  * German audiences were continually reminded of the use struggle of propaganda. Though not set in the Soviet Union, their characters live under totalitarian regimes in which language is constantly corrupted for political purposesNazi Party and Germany against foreign enemies and internal enemies, especially Jews. Those novels were used for explicit propaganda. The CIA* Ethnic Germans in countries such as Czechoslovakia, for examplePoland, secretly commissioned an animated film adaptation of ''Animal Farm'' in the 1950sSoviet Union, and the Baltic states were told that blood ties to Germany were stronger than their allegiance to their new countries. == Techniques of Propaganda Generation == * Potential enemies, such as France and Great Britain, were told that Germany had no quarrel with the people of the country, but that their governments were trying to start a war with Germany.* All audiences were reminded of the greatness of German cultural, scientific, and military achievements.<div style="float:right;width:252px;margin:10px;text-align:center"> [[image:Saddam Hussein.jpg]]<br>''[[Saddam Hussein]] pictured as a decisive war leader in an Iraqi Until the Battle of Stalingrad's conclusion on February 2, 1943, German propaganda picture''</div> A number emphasized the prowess of techniques are used German arms and the humanity German soldiers had shown to create messages which are persuasivethe peoples of occupied territories. In contrast, British and Allied fliers were depicted as cowardly murderers, but false. Many and Americans in particular as gangsters in the style of these same techniques can be found under [[Logical fallacy|logical fallacies]] since propagandists use arguments which, although sometimes convincing, are not necessarily validAl Capone. Some At the same time has been spent analyzing the means by which , German propaganda messages are transmittedsought to alienate Americans and British from each other, and that work is important, but it's clear that information both these Western belligerents from the Soviets.dissemination strategies only become propaganda strategies when coupled with ''propagandistic messages.'' Identifying these propaganda messages is a necessary prerequisite After Stalingrad, the main theme changed to studying Germany as the sole defender of Western European culture against the methods by which those messages are spread"Bolshevist hordes. " That's why it is essential to have some knowledge The introduction of the V-1 and V-2 "vengeance weapons" was emphasized to convince Britons of the following hopelessness of defeating Germany.techniques for generating propaganda: '''[[Appeal to fear]]''': Appeals to fear seeks to build support by instilling fear in the general population - for example Goebbels committed suicide shortly after Hitler on April 30, 1945. In his stead, [[Joseph GoebbelsHans Fritzsche]] exploited [, who had been head of the Radio Chamber, was tried and acquitted by the Nuremberg war crimes tribunal. == Cold War Propaganda == The United States and the [[Theodore KaufmanSoviet Union]]'s ''both used propaganda extensively during the [[Germany Must Perish!Cold War]]'' . Both sides used film, television and radio programming to claim that the Allies sought the extermination of the German peopleinfluence their own citizens, each other and Third World nations. ''' The [[Appeal to authorityUnited States Information Agency]]''': Appeals to authority cite prominent figures to support a position idea, argument, or course operated the [[Voice of actionAmerica]] as an official government station. ''' [[Bandwagon effect|Bandwagon]]''': Bandwagon-Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty]], in part supported by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], provided gray propaganda in news and-inevitable-victory appeals attempt entertainment programs to persuade Eastern Europe and the target audience to take a course of action "everyone else is takingSoviet Union respectively." "Join the crowd." This technique reinforces peopleThe Soviet Union's natural desire to be on the winning sideofficial government station Radio Moscow, broadcast white propaganda, while Radio Peace and Freedom broadcast grey propaganda. This technique is used to convince Both sides also broadcast black propaganda programs around special crises. One of the audience that a program is an expression most insightful authors of an irresistible mass movement and that it is in their interest to join. "Inevitable victory" invites those not already on the bandwagon to join those already on the road to certain victory. Those alreadythe Cold War was [[George Orwell]], or partially, on the bandwagon are reassured that staying aboard is the best course of action. whose novels ''[[w:Animal Farm|Animal Farm]]''and ''[[Obtain disapprovalw:Nineteen Eighty-Four|Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''': This technique is used to get are virtual textbooks on the audience to disapprove an action or idea by suggesting use of propaganda. Though not set in the idea is popular with groups hatedSoviet Union, feared, or held their characters live under totalitarian regimes in contempt by the target audience. Thus, if a group which supports a policy which language is led to believe that undesirableconstantly corrupted for political purposes. Those novels were used for explicit propaganda. The CIA, subversivefor example, or contemptible people also support it, the members of the group might decide to change their position. secretly commissioned an animated film adaptation of '''Glittering generalitiesAnimal Farm''': in the 1950s.Glittering generalities are intensely emotionally appealing words so closely associated with highly valued concepts and beliefs that they carry conviction == Techniques of Propaganda Generation ==without supporting information or reason. They appeal to such emotions as love of country, home<div style="float:right;width:252px;margin:10px; desire for peace, freedom, glory, honor, etctext-align:center">[[image:Saddam Hussein. They ask for approval without examination of the reason. Though the words and phrases are vague and suggest different things to different people, their connotation is always favorable: "The concepts and programs jpg]]<br>''[[Saddam Hussein]] pictured as a decisive war leader in an Iraqi propaganda picture''</div> A number of the propagandist techniques are always goodused to create messages which are persuasive, desirable, virtuousbut false." Many of these same techniques can be found under '''[[RationalizationPropaganda_techniques#Logical_Fallacies|logical fallacies]]''': Individuals or groups may since propagandists use favorable generalities to rationalize questionable acts or beliefs. Vague and pleasant phrases arguments which, although sometimes convincing, are often used to justify such actions or beliefsnot necessarily valid. '''[[Intentional vagueness]]''': Generalities Some time has been spent analyzing the means by which propaganda messages are deliberately vague so transmitted, and that the audience may supply its own interpretations. The intention work is to move the audience by use of undefined phrasesimportant, without analyzing their validity or attempting to determine their reasonableness or application but it's clear that information dissemination strategies only become propaganda strategies when coupled with '''[[Transfer]]propagandistic messages.''': This Identifying these propaganda messages is a technique of projecting positive or negative qualities (praise or blame) necessary prerequisite to studying the methods by which those messages are spread. That's why it is essential to have some knowledge of a person, entity, object, the following techniques for generating propaganda: or value (an individual, group, organization, nation, patriotism, etc.) '''[[Appeal to fear]]''': Appeals to fear seeks to another build support by instilling fear in order to make the second more acceptable or to discredit it. This technique is generally used to transfer blame from one member of a conflict to another. It evokes an emotional response which stimulates the target to identify with recognized authorities. '''general population - for example [[OversimplificationJoseph Goebbels]] exploited [[Theodore Kaufman]]''': Favorable generalities are used to provide simple answers to complex social, political, economic, or military problems. 's ''[[Common manGermany Must Perish!]]''': The "plain folks" or "common man" approach attempts to convince to claim that the Allies sought the audience that the propagandist's positions reflect the common sense extermination of the German people. It is designed  '''[[Appeal to win the confidence of the audience by communicating in the common manner and style authority]]''': Appeals to authority cite prominent figures to support a position idea, argument, or course of the audienceaction. Propagandists use ordinary language and mannerisms (and clothes in face-to-face and audiovisual communications) in attempting to identify their point of view with that of the average person. '''[[Testimonial'''[[Bandwagon effect|Bandwagon]]''': Testimonials are quotations, Bandwagon-and-inevitable-victoryin or out of context, especially cited appeals attempt to persuade the target audience to support or reject take a given policy, course of actionaction, program, or personality"everyone else is taking. " The reputation or "Join the role (expert, respected public figure, etc.) of crowd." This technique reinforces people's natural desire to be on the individual giving the statement is exploited. The testimonial places the official sanction of a respected person or authority on a propaganda messagewinning side. This technique is done in an effort used to cause convince the target audience that a program is an expression of an irresistible mass movement and that it is in their interest to identify itself with join. "Inevitable victory" invites those not already on the authority or bandwagon to accept join those already on the authority's opinions and beliefs as its ownroad to certain victory. Those already, or partially, on the bandwagon are reassured that staying aboard is the best course of action. '''[[StereotypingObtain disapproval]]''' or Labeling: This technique attempts is used to arouse prejudices in get the audience to disapprove an audience action or idea by labeling suggesting the object of the propaganda campaign as something idea is popular with groups hated, feared, or held in contempt by the target audience fears. Thus, hates, loathes, or finds undesirableif a group which supports a policy is led to believe that undesirable, subversive, or contemptible people also support it, the members of the group might decide to change their position. '''[[ScapegoatingGlittering generalities]]''': Assigning blame to an individual or group that isn't really responsible, thus alleviating feelings Glittering generalities are intensely emotionally appealing words so closelyof guilt from responsible parties associated with highly valued concepts and/beliefs that they carry convictionwithout supporting information or distracting attention from the need reason. They appeal to fix the problem for which blame is being assignedsuch emotions as love of country, home; desire for peace, freedom, glory, honor, etc. '''[[Virtue word]]s''': These are words in the value system They ask for approval without examination of the target audience which tend reason. Though the words and phrases are vague and suggest different things to produce a positive image when attached to a person or issue. Peacedifferent people, happiness, security, wise leadership, freedomtheir connotation is always favorable: "The concepts and programs of the propagandist are always good, etc.desirable, are virtue wordsvirtuous. " '''[[SloganRationalization]]s''': A slogan is a brief striking phrase Individuals or groupsthat may include labeling and stereotypinguse favorable generalities to rationalize questionable acts or beliefs. If ideas can be sloganized, they should be, as good slogans Vague and pleasant phrases are self-perpetuating memesoften used to justify such actions or beliefs. See also '''[[doublespeak]], [[information warfare]], [[meme]], [[psyopsIntentional vagueness]] ''': Generalities are deliberately vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations.== Techniques The intention is to move the audience by use of Propaganda Transmission == undefined phrases, withoutanalyzing their validity or attempting to determine their reasonableness or applicationCommon methods for transmitting propaganda messages include news reports, government reports, historical revision, books, leaflets, '''[[propaganda film|movies]], [[radioTransfer]] ''': This is a technique of projecting positive or negative qualities (praise or blame) of a person, entity, [[television]] object, and posters. == Recognizing Propaganda == Some of or value (an individual, group, organization, nation, patriotism, etc.) to another in order to make the most effective propaganda techniques work by misdirecting second more acceptable or [[distraction|distracting]] the public's finite attention away to discredit it. This technique is generally used to transfer blame from important issuesone member of a conflict to another. It's important evokes an emotional response which stimulates the target to read between the lines of the news and see what identify with recognized authorities. ''isn't[[Oversimplification]]''' being reported: Favorable generalities are used to provide simple answers to complex social, or what is reported oncepolitical, quietlyeconomic, and not followed upor military problems. In an age of information overload,  '''[[[distractionCommon man]] techniques can as effective as active propaganda. One way ''': The "plain folks" or "common man" approach attempts to test for distraction is to look for items convince the audience that appear repeatedly the propagandist's positions reflect the common sense of the people. It is designed to win the confidence of the audience by communicating in foreign press the common manner and style of the audience. Propagandists use ordinary language and mannerisms (from neutral and hostile countries) and clothes in face-to-face and audiovisual communications) in attempting to identify their point of view with that don't appear in your ownof the average person. All active '''[[propaganda techniquesTestimonial]] can be tested by asking if they tend the target audience to act ''': Testimonials are quotations, in the best interests or out of the distributor of the propagandacontext, especially cited to support or reject a given policy, action, program, or personality. Propaganda presents one [[point The reputation or the role (expert, respected public figure, etc.) of view]] as if it were the best individual giving the statement is exploited. The testimonial places the official sanction of a respected person or only way to look at authority on a situationpropaganda message. This is done in an effort to cause the target audience to identify itself with the authority or to accept the authority's opinions and beliefs as its own. Sometimes propaganda can be detected by the fact that it changes before and after a critical event, whereas more honest information like [[medicine]], [[science'''[[Stereotyping]] ''' or any training manual should largely remain Labeling: This technique attempts to arouse prejudices in an audience by labeling the same after object of the event propaganda campaign as before. If there are big disparitiessomething the target audience fears, hates, loathes, or if some "finds undesirable. '''[[valuable lessonScapegoating]]" ''': Assigning blame to an individual or "[[wake-up call]]" has occurred, it means that what was provided before the fact was not group that isn't really "instruction" but "guessingresponsible," thus alleviating feelings of guilt from responsible parties and/or - if there distracting attention from the need to fix the problem for which blame is no consistent explanation that survives - being assigned.  '''propaganda.[[Virtue word]]s''' ==References== * Howe: These are words in the value system of the target audience which tend to produce a positive image when attached to a person or issue. Peace, happiness, security, wise leadership, freedom, etc., Ellicare virtue words.  '''The Black Game: British Subversive Operations Against the German During the Second World War[[Slogan]]s'''. London: Futura, [[1982]]A slogan is a brief striking phrase that may include labeling and stereotyping. * Edwards If ideas can be sloganized, John Carverthey should be, as good slogans are self-perpetuating memes. ''Berlin Calling: American Broadcasters in Service to the Third Reich''. New York, Prager Publishers See also [[doublespeak]], [[1991information warfare]]. ISBN 0-275-93705-7. * Linebarger, Paul M. A. (aka , [[w:[Cordwainer Smith|meme]]). ''Psychological Warfare''. Washington, D.C., Infantry Journal Press, [[1948psyops]]. * Shirer== Techniques of Propaganda Transmission == Common methods for transmitting propaganda messages include news reports, William L. ''Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondentgovernment reports, 1934-1941.'' New York: Albert A. Knopfhistorical revision, theater, books, leaflets, [[propaganda film|movies]], [[radio]] , [[1942television]], and posters. * Much == Recognizing Propaganda ==Some of the information found in Propaganda techniques is take from: "Appendix I: PSYOP Techniques" from "Psychological Operations Field Manual No.33-1" published by Headquarters; Department of the Army, in Washington DC, on 31 August most effective [[1979propaganda techniques]]work by misdirecting or distracting the public's finite attention away from important issues. It's important to read between the lines of the news and see what 'I'm sure there are copies of this whole manual on the web, Iisn'll try to find a good link soont''. ==See Also== *being reported, or what is reported once, quietly, and not followed up. In an age of information overload, [[Advertising]] *[[Agitprop]] *[[Black propaganda]] *[[Distraction]] *[[Gray propaganda]] *[[Ideologydistraction]] techniques can as effective as active propaganda. One way to test for distraction is to look for items that appear repeatedly in foreign press (from neutral and hostile countries) and that don't appear in your own. But beware of deliberately placed lies that are repeated with the hope that people will believe it if it is repeated often enough.*[[Information warfare]] *[[Logical fallacy]] *[[Marketing]] *[[Power All active propaganda techniques can be tested by asking if they tend the target audience to act in the best interests of the distributor of persuasion]] *[[Persuasion technology]] *[[Political media]] the propaganda. Propaganda presents on point of view as if it were the best or only way to look at a situation.*[[Propaganda film]] *[[Propaganda techniques]] *[[Public diplomacy]]Sometimes propaganda can be detected by the fact that it changes before and after a critical event, whereas more honest information like medicine, science or any training manual should largely remain the term used by same after the event as before. If there are big disparities, or if some "[[United States Information Agency]] to describe its mission *[[Public relationsvaluable lesson]] *" or "[[Spin (politics)|spinwake-up call]] *[[Truth]] *[[White " has occurred, it means that what was provided before the fact was not really "instruction" but "guessing," or - if there is no consistent explanation that survives - '''propaganda]] .'''. ==External linksPropaganda organisations==  '''US government examples''' * [http://www.propagandacritic.com propaganda critic[4th Psychological Operations Group (Airborne)]]: A website devoted to propaganda analysis. * [http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1373/8_49/55481498/p1/article.jhtml?term=%22Powers+[Counter-Information Team]]*[[Office of Global Communications]]*[[Office of Public Diplomacy]]*[[Office of+Persuasion+%28Propaganda%29%22 David Strategic Communication]]*[[Office of Strategic Influence]]*[[Psychological Strategy Board]] '''British government examples'''  *[[15 (UK) Psychological Operations Group]]*[[British Satellite News]] *[[British Forces Broadcasting Service]] *[[Central Office of Information]] *[[Civil Contingencies Secretariat]], Cabinet Office *[[D-Notice]] Committee *[[Government Communication Network]] *[[Government Information Service]] *[[Government Information and Communication Service]] *[[Information Department]], Foreign Office *[[Information Policy]], Army/Intelligence *[[Information Research Department]], Foreign Office *[[Lobby system]] *[[London Press Service]] *[[London Radio Service]], Central Office of Information *[[Northern Ireland Information Service]], Northern Ireland Office *[[Public Diplomacy Policy Department]], Foreign Office *[[Services Sound and Vision Corporation]] '''Australian government examples''' *[[Project Australia]] ==Resources and articles=====Related SourceWatch articles===*[[Advertising]]*[[Brett Gary]]* [[Alex Carey]]* [[Center for Media and Democracy]]*[[Distraction]]*[[conservative news outlets]] (list)*[[George Creel]]*[[Hi Magazine]]*[[Historical engineering]]*[[Information warfare]]*[[Institute for Propaganda Analysis]]*[[liberal news outlets]] (list)*[[Obama Propaganda]]*[[Propaganda_techniques#Logical_Fallacies|Logical fallacy]]*[[manufactured journalism]]*[[Music Corporation of America]]*[[Pentagon military analyst program]]*[[Power of persuasion]]*[[Propaganda film]]*[[Propaganda glossary]]*[[Propaganda Model]]*[[Propaganda posters]]*[[Propaganda techniques]]*[[Public diplomacy]], the term used by the [[United States Information Agency]] to describe its mission*[[Public relations]]*[[Resources for studying propaganda]]*[[State of Deception: The Power of Nazi Propaganda]]* [[John Stauber]]*[[Thought control]]*[[Truth]]*[[War propaganda]] ===References===<references/> ===External Sources===* Jowett, Garth S. and Victoria O'Donnell, ''Propaganda and Persuasion''. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, [[2006]]. ISBN 1-4129-0898-1.* Howe, Ellic. ''The Black Game: British Subversive Operations Against the German During the Second World War''. London: Futura, [[1982]].* Edwards, John Carver. ''Berlin Calling: American Broadcasters in Service to the Third Reich''. New York, Prager Publishers, [[1991]]. ISBN 0-275-93705-7. * Linebarger, Paul M. A. (aka [w:[Cordwainer Smith|]]). ''Psychological Warfare''. Washington, D.C., Infantry Journal Press, [[1948]]. * Shirer, William L. ''Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934-1941.'' New York: Albert A. Knopf, [[1942]].* Much of the information found in Propaganda techniques is take from: "Appendix I: PSYOP Techniques" from "Psychological Operations Field Manual No.33-1" published by Headquarters; Department of the Army, in Washington DC, on 31 August [[1979]]. [http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm33-1/]. ===External links===*[[Alex Carey]], "[http://www.press.uillinois.edu/s97/carey.html Taking the risk out of democracy: Corporate propaganda in the US and Australia]", NSW Press/ Illinois Press, 1995.* Edward S. Herman, [http://www.scribd.com/doc/57070024/The-Propaganda-Model The Propaganda Model: a retrospective], Journalism Studies, Volume 1, Number 1, 2000, pp. 101–112, University of Pennsylvania, USA*[http://www.propagandacritic.com propaganda critic]: A website devoted to propaganda analysis.* [http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1373/8_49/55481498/p1/article.jhtml?term=%22Powers+of+Persuasion+%28Propaganda%29%22 David Welch: Powers of Persuasion] * [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB78/ Documentation on Early Cold War] : Powers of Persuasion]* [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB78/ Documentation on Early Cold War]* U.S. Propaganda Activities in the Middle East] by the National Security Archive. Collection of 148 documents and overview essay.* [http://intellit.muskingum.edu/uk_folder/ukwwiiservpwe.html Bibliography on the British Political Warfare Executive]* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12456a.htm Sacred Congregation of Propaganda] from the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]].* [[Jacques Ellul]], [http://www.intheheart.net/propag.html Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes--excerpts]* [http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/ Stefan Landsberger's Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages]* Randal Marlin, [http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/1551113767/ref%3Dbr%5Flf%5Fb%5F8/701-8117317-3189907 Propaganda: the ethics of persuasion], Broadview Press, 2002. ISBN: 1551113767 * [http://artchina.free.fr/ Propaganda Communist Chinese Paintings] (site in French)* Bytwerk, Randall, "[http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/index.htm Nazi and East German Propaganda Guide Page]". CAS Department, Calvin College.*Jim Boyd, [http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reportsitem.aspx?id=100453 "Editorial Pages: Why Courage is Hard to Find,"] ''Nieman Reports'', Spring 2006.*Ruth Walker, "[http://blogs.csmonitor.com/verbal_energy/2005/05/index.html How 'propaganda' lost its good name]", ''Christian Science Monitor'', May 25, 2006.* Jerry Landay, [http://www.mediatransparency.org/story.php?storyID=167 The "Civil War" squabble: Waging combat with words]", ''Media Transparency'', December 9, 2006.*Manuel Valenzuela, [http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article17475.htm "The Unearthing: An Awakening Has Arrived. With Truth Comes Awakening,"] ''Information Clearing House'', May 3, 2007.*Kenneth A. Osgood, "[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3402300123.html Propaganda]," Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, 2002, accessed August 14, 2008.*Eric Alterman and Danielle Ivory, [http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/05/ta052109.html "Think Again, Blogosphere to Mainstream Media: Get Off the Bus,"] Center for American Progress, May 21, 2009.*[https://www.prwatch.org/books/tsigfy.html Toxic Sludge Is Good For You! Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry] *[https://www.prwatch.org/books/experts.html Trust Us, We're Experts! How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles With Your Future] *[https://www.prwatch.org/books/wmd.html Weapons of Mass Deception: The Uses of Propaganda in Bush's War on Iraq]; * U.S. Propaganda Activities in the Middle East] by the National Security Archive. Collection of 148 documents and overview essay. * [http://intellit.muskingum.edu/uk_folder/ukwwiiservpwe.html Bibliography on the British Political Warfare Executive] * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12456a.htm Sacred Congregation of Propaganda] from the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]]. {{wikipedia}}* [http://www.intheheart.net/propag.html Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes by Jacques Ellul--excerpts] * [http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/ Stefan Landsberger's Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages] * Bytwerk, Randall, "''[httpCategory://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/index.htm Nazi and East German Propaganda Guide Page]''". CAS Department, Calvin College. '''NOTE: Portions of this article have been adapted from a [[w:propaganda|Wikipedia article by the same name]].'''