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The term <divstyle="float:right;width: 250px;margin:0 0 1em 1em">[[Image:Korea_(179)_small.jpg|250px|right|thumb]]<br>''North Korean propaganda likely originated with of a Roman Catholic congregation of cardinals formed in 1622 to manage soldier destroying the churchUS Capitol''</div> '''s missions. The next year, Pope Urban VIII instituted the college of Propaganda, to train preists to carry the church's '' is a specific type of message worldwidepresentation, aimed at serving an agenda. Today, Even if the term refers to message conveys true information spread to promote , it may be [[partisan]] and fail to paint a causecomplete picture. [http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/The book ''Propaganda And Persuasion'' defines propaganda] == tests for propaganda == Some as "the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the most effective propaganda techniques work by misdirecting or propagandist." The [[distraction|distracting]] the public's finite attention away from important issueshttps://www.prwatch. It's important org Center for the well-informed Media and Democracy] (CMD) was launched in 1993 to read between create what at the lines of time was the news only public interest and see what ''isn't'' being reported, or what is reported once, quietly, media organization dedicated to exposing organized corporate and not followed up. In an age of information overload, government [[distractionpropaganda]] techniques can be even more effective than active propagandaand its impacts on democracy and democratic social change.<ref>[http://www.scribd. One way to test for distraction is to look for items that appear repeatedly in foreign press (from neutral and hostile countries) and that don't appear in your owncom/doc/57070024/The-Propaganda-Model The Propaganda Model: a retrospective], Journalism Studies, Volume 1, Number 1, 2000, pp. 101–112, Edward S. Herman, University of Pennsylvania, USA</ref> All active ==Kinds of Propaganda== Propaganda shares many techniques with [[advertising]] or [[propaganda techniquespublic relations]]; in fact, by contrast, advertising and PR can best be tested for quality by seeing if they tend the target said to act in the best interests of the distributor of the be propaganda (thus promoting a commercial product. As commonly understood, however, the term comes from the verb 'usually refers to propagate' imply distribution and mimicry, not dialogue)political or [[nationalism|nationalist]] messages. There is It can take the form of course much crossoverleaflets, posters, as individual wisdom TV broadcasts or radio broadcasts. In a narrower and 'best interests' certainly include at least basic [[ecological wisdom]] more common use of the term, propaganda refers to deliberately false or misleading information that must be shared by all one's neighbours - and one normally relies on social means to jointly comprehend and protect land supports a political cause or culture. Thus propaganda presents one [[point the interests of view]] as if it were those in power. The propagandist seeks to change the bestway people understand an issue or situation, or [[neutral point for the purpose of view]], which has been compiled from [[multiple point of view]] sources very "neutrally"changing their actions and expectations in ways that are desirable to the interest group. ReligiousIn this sense, commercial and political propaganda serves as a corollary to [[advertisingcensorship]] are , in which the best known and most common examples. In these realms there same purpose is at least nominal choiceachieved, that isnot by filling people's heads with false information, moral, buying and voting decisions, that ultimately one makes but by preventing people from a menu of choicesknowing true information. Without What sets propaganda apart from other forms of advocacy is the willingness of the choice, there would be no need propagandist to influence choices. The primary means by which this is done is to alter the change people's understanding through [[conceptual metaphordeception]]s by which choices are researched, understood, made and evaluated after the fact. If [[regretthe power of confusion|confusion]] can be induced for a "wrong choice", or anticipated before that choice happens, then, rather than persuasion and understanding. The leaders of an organization know the choice can information to be influenced. one sided or untrue but this may not be true for the rank and file members who help to disseminate the propaganda. Propaganda is a mighty weapon in [[Noam Chomskywar]] . In this case its aim is usually to dehumanize the enemy and [[Edward Herman]]'s model to create hatred against a special group. The technique is to create a false image in the mind. This can be done by using special words, special avoidance of words or by saying that the enemy is responsible for certain things he never did. In every propaganda, war two things are needed: Injustice and Faint. The faint or the injustice may be fictitious or may be based on facts, the aim is always to create [[George Lakoff]]'s related model of [[moral politicshate]], are theories based on .  Propaganda is also one of the principles of methods used in [[cognitive linguisticspsychological warfare]]. Both rely to some degree on More in line with the theory religious roots of the term, [[conceptual metaphorAnti-cult movement|anti-cult activists]]. Technically, accuse the goal leaders of [[cult|cults]] of using propaganda is extensively to alter the "mappings" made to a "target domain" (take "target" in a military sense here) to a "source domain" (take "source" in a religious sense here) in the listenerrecruit followers and keep them. ''Examples of political propaganda:'s or reader's or viewer's mind. The most effective * [[United Kingdom|English]] propaganda techniquesagainst [[w:Germany|Germany]] vary based on in the [[communication mediaw:First World War|First World War]] employed, but the test of success does not: see [[RMS Lusitania]] Effective * [[Nazi Germany|German]] propaganda is characterized by a lack of effective challenge to it as a source of economic advantage. i.e. its compatibility with against [[political economyw:Poland|Poland]]. ''Are there other ways to characterize effective propaganda? Like for instance compatibility with a to start the [[neutral point of vieww:Second World War|Second World War]] or , see [[natural point of viewAttack on Sender Gleiwitz]] or religion?'' == temporal detection == Because the regret or lack In an even narrower, less commonly used but legitimate sense of regret for believing in it must always be evaluated after the factterm, as a [[backwards-looking]] measure, a successful shift in the political economy actually does have the effect of changing the propaganda refers only to false information meant to reassure people who already believe. The assumption is that, if people believe something false, they will constantly be assailed by doubts. Since these doubts are unpleasant (see [[neutral point of viewcognitive dissonance]] and thus [[post-facto rationalization|justifying]] even a belief ), people will be eager to have them extinguished, and are therefore receptive to the reassurances of those in provable untruthpower. Thus the For this reason propaganda can alter the reality, and make itself is often addressed to people who are already sympathetic to the agenda. Propaganda has sometimes been classified as "white," "black" or "gray." '''no longer White propaganda' or in the present tense 'not propaganda'. Examples include: *The [[Y2K]] panic, in which outrageous claims were made regardng the vulnerability of [[infrastructure]] generally comes from an openly identified source and is not intentionally deceptive. '''Black propaganda''' pretends to be from a [[cyber threat]] unintentionally created by programs taking shortcuts - proven false by the absolute lack of any incident traceable in January 2000 friendly source, but is actually from an adversary and is intended to any system that had not been altered, although there were very deceive its audience. '''Gray propaganda''' falls somewhere between white and black. ''Other general methods used for controlling populations:'' 1) '''Isolation/control''': Isolating groups can take many of theseforms whether racial, some identical to those that had been heavily modifieddemographic or social. After [[September 11, 2001]] these wasteful changes to code Isolating groups politically can be a simple or complex process but always results in leveraged control and over-spending on backup systems was justified potential political marginalization with potential ultimate control as in a totally new way one- as a wise precautionary measure against [[terrorist attack]]party state. Propaganda is an essential tool in providing the information to that will allow a particular group of people to be isolated from the mass. *The [[coalition invasion of Iraq]] originally publicly 2) ''motivated by' presence of Confusion/diversion''': Splitting a major issue into separate components can work to resurrect failed but desired consequences, for example when one contentious element of an issue fails related or independent components of the issue serve as new justifications. For example the original goal in [[weapons of mass destructionIraq]] which were never found. The post-facto popular uprisings against both the was the quest for [[Bath PartyWMD]] regime of Saddam Hussein 's but when WMD's were disproved the issue was transformed to providing "freedom and liberty" for the Iraqi people, and later on simply the idea of toppling [[US forces occupying IraqSaddam Hussein]] became was the new desired goal.  3) '''Separation'''proof : Related to isolation and control, behaviorial psychologists sometimes refer to the principle of a strong will for [[democracy]]' '"divide and a new means of justifing the action. conquer"''. Divide and conquer is an extremely useful tool to maintain control over disparate groups and propaganda provides the information upon which ''separation'' is based. In general, propaganda can be detected by the fact that it changes before 4) '''Reaction''': strength is based upon action and it is desirable to place the people and after unruly groups in positions where they must ''react'', propaganda is a critical event, whereas more honest [[instructional capital]] like [[medicine]], [[science]] or any [[training manual]] should largely remain the same after the event useful tool and adjunct in forcing people to react as beforea large group. Government takes its strength from action where the strong act upon certain information and the weak and unwary are left to react. If there are big disparities 5) '''Disinformation as weakness''': weakness is indicated by reaction, reaction is induced by misinformation and disinformation. Strength is manifest in action to which an adjunct may be the supply of misinformation or disinformation. Individuals must not be allowed to act or if some "[[valuable lesson]]" or "[[wake-up call]]" has occurred, it means that what was provided before think independently, and individuals must not be permitted to act in the fact was not really face of government coercion. By forcing people to react to disinformation and misinformation 'instruction' but individuals in power'guessing' - or - if there is no consistent explanation that survives - can pursue their own private agenda.  6) '''propagandaCoercion'''. == spatial detection == In addition to this : ''temporala government' means of detecting propaganda, there s capability is also a determined''spatialby the government' means of detecting it - when it is true or not true based on s ability to coerce citizens into adopting certain behaviors. In this manner the government may ''wherecontrol and condition'' it is uttered its people or heard. the government cannot be successful. ''Propaganda'' is an essential tool and sometimes directs the manner in which the coercion is focused. This method would apply when [[instructional capital]] applies in one place but not in another. For instance [[rural culture]] == From the dictionary ==From the ''Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and [[urban culture]] varyAssociated Terms'', as [[Jane Jacobs]] observeda 742-page and growing work, and rural cultures depend on the most recently amended in November ([[lifewayshttp://jdeis.cornerstoneindustry.com/jdeis/dictionary/qsDictionaryPortlet.jsp?group=dod online here]] of the people living ); cited in themPeter Edidin, as "[[Joel Garreau]] and [[Winona LaDuke]] observehttp://www. nytimes.com/2005/01/30/weekinreview/30word.html [[Imperialism]Give a Blood Chit to the Confusion Agent]" (''New York Times'', usually spread January 30) #"Any thought or idea expressed briefly in a plain or secret language and prepared in a form suitable for transmission by [[sea power]], depends on one standardized set any means of instructions applying everywhere, ecommunication.g. as it does "<br>&mdash;Definition of "message"#"Any form of communication in a well-equipped and globe-ranging navy. Howeversupport of national objectives designed to influence the opinions, emotions, [[ecological wisdom]] and local conditions varyattitudes, or behavior of any group in order to benefit the crops and seeds and animals that thrive in one place die in anothersponsor, and so the difference between either directly or indirectly."useful instruction" and <br>&mdash;Definition of "imperial propaganda," may well be ecological adaptation in above cited dictionary#"Those overt international public information activities of the united states government designed to local conditionspromote united states foreign policy objectives by seeking to understand, inform, and respect for influence foreign audiences and opinion makers, and by broadening the culture that has already adapted its language dialogue between american citizens and institutions and lifeways to that ecology their counterparts abroad."<br>&mdash;Definition of "public diplomacy," in particular - expressing a so-called above cited dictionary == History of Propaganda == <divstyle="float:left;width:165px;margin:0 1em 1em 0">[[land ethicImage:Iwantyou3_small.jpg|165px|left|thumb]]"<br>''World War I recruiting poster for the U.S. HoweverArmy, unlike designed by the Creel Committee'temporal' definition which might allow for a convergence to instructions that ''remain the same'' before </div> An example of propaganda from an earlier authoritarian and after militaristic culture are the factwritings of Romans like [[Livy]], there seems to be no way to make ecologies or cultures sufficiently which are considered masterpieces of pro-Roman statist propaganda. The term itself, however, originated in Europe in 1622, shortly after the start of the Thirty Years'War, which pitted Catholics against Protestants. Catholic Pope Gregory XV founded Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith ('equal to each other'sacra congregatio christiano nomini propagando'' that any instruction would absolutely apply across their [[border]]s. There are ways to make them or, briefly, ''become like each otherpropaganda fide''), however, via some [[monoculture]] or [[suburban culture]] or [[urban culture]] that relies on some artificially-created [[infrastructural capital]] more than the predepartment of the pontifical administration charged with the spread of Catholicism and with the regulation of ecclesiastical affairs in non-existing [[natural capital]]Catholic countries (mission territory). This would seem Originally the term was not intended to be related refer to misleading information. The modern political sense of the way that imperial cultures spread term "propaganda" dates from World War I, and eradicate local ones, ewas not originally pejorative.g. as seen Propaganda techniques were first codified and applied in the culture of a scientific manner by journalist [[golf]] which is associated with the [[English-speaking peoplesWalter Lippman]] and seems to express a psychologist [[dominator land ethicEdward Bernays]]. This spatial detection of propaganda is popular with opponents (nephew of [[globalizationSigmund Freud]]) early in the 20th century. == habitual detection == Finally During World War I, one must always be ready to rely Lippman and Bernays both worked for the [[Committee on one's instincts Public Information]] (known informally as a guide to what is and is not propagandathe Creel Committee after its director, [[George Creel]]), leading one which was created by U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] to disastrous personal errors convenient sway popular opinion to someone elseenter the war on the side of Britain. This requires active self The Creel Committee's pro-training in habits war propaganda campaign produced within six months an intense anti-German hysteria. Its success permanently impressed American business (and Adolf Hitler, among others, with the potential of rejecting a constant stream of misleading large-scale propaganda to control public opinion. Bernays coined the terms "reasons whygroup mind" from and "other placesengineering consent" whose rules and concept of reason must differ fr one's own, important concepts in practical propaganda work. If there The current public relations industry is to be a single concept direct outgrowth of truth that cannot be undone the Creel Committee's work and is still used extensively by analysis specific to each [[ecoregion]], ithe United States government.e. useful enough to read on Several of the early figures in the public relations industry were members of the Creel Committee, including Bernays, [[InternetIvy Lee]] in and [[EnglishCarl Byoir]], it must itself be subject to some biases of . [[globalizationWorld War II]] saw continued use of propaganda as a weapon of war, both by Hitler's propagandist [[Joseph Goebbels]]: if it is written and read the British [[Political Warfare Executive]]. == Nazi Germany == Most propaganda in English Germany was produced by the Ministry for Public Enlightenment and thus relies on English dictionary and instructionPropaganda ("Promi" in German abbreviation). Joseph Goebbels was placed in charge of this ministry shortly after Hitler took power in 1933. All journalists, if it is accessible only towriters, and written by, those artists were required to register with some degree one of electricitythe Ministry's subordinate chambers for the press, telecommunicationfine arts, and computer accessmusic, it has already become to some degree a form of [[pro-technology propaganda]]theater, film, literature, or radio. To balance thisThe Nazis believed in propaganda as a vital tool in achieving their goals. Adolf Hitler, some believe that a discipline of instilling habits Germany's F? was impressed by the power of Allied propaganda during World War I and believed that counter each it had been a primary cause of these global tendencies, with a bias to trust in the local, is the only way to assure a habitual detection collapse of propaganda morale and an unerring taste for revolts in the truthGerman home front and Navy in 1918. [[Starhawk]] Hitler would meet nearly every day with Goebbels to discuss the news and Goebbels would obtain Hitler's thoughts on the subject; Goebbels would then meet with senior Ministry officials and pass down the official Party line on world events. Broadcasters and journalists required prior approval before their works were disseminated. Hitler and other powerful high ranking Nazis such as [[Winona LaDukeReinhard Heydrich]] are advocates of this view, had no moral qualms about spreading propaganda which they themselves knew to be false. Nazi disinformation came to be known as the latter remaining for instance at her home throughout the 1996 and 2000 [[Green Party of the United StatesBig Lie]] campaigns of which she was the Vice-Presidential Candidate (running mate ironically, a term that Hitler coined initially to Presidential Candidate [[Ralph Nader]]describe what he characterized as dishonest propaganda by Jews). By such choices, it may be possible to instil in oneself a counterweight to Nazi propaganda before the various temporal and spatial skews to cognition that arise from travel and start of World War II had several distinct audiences:  * German audiences were continually reminded of the constant struggle to reconcile one's habitual behavior with that expected of us in new placesof the Nazi Party and Germany against foreign enemies and internal enemies, especially Jews. We ourselves become * Ethnic Germans in countries such as Czechoslovakia, Poland, the source of '''propaganda'''Soviet Union, and the Baltic states were told that [[media literacy]] can be turned blood ties to Germany were stronger than their allegiance to advantage: their new countries. :"Don't hate * Potential enemies, such as France and Great Britain, were told that Germany had no quarrel with the media. Become people of the mediacountry, but that their governments were trying to start a war with Germany." - [[Jello Biafra]] :"...just as easily as that voice can compel us to act aginst our better nature* All audiences were reminded of the greatness of German cultural, soscientific, too, can it inspire us to build the kinds of structures that make positive impacts on society at largeand military achievements. :"There is no Until the Battle of Stalingrad'they' who can reverse this process wihout our consent and participation. For without our complcitys conclusion on February 2, they are powerless. Without us1943, they don't existGerman propaganda emphasized the prowess of German arms and the humanity German soldiers had shown to the peoples of occupied territories." - [[Douglas Rushkoff]] In contrast, British and Allied fliers were depicted as cowardly murderers, ''[[Coercion (book)]]'' == and Americans in particular as gangsters in the style of Al Capone. At the same time, German propaganda sought to alienate Americans and British from each other SourceWatch resources == , and both these Western belligerents from the Soviets. *[After Stalingrad, the main theme changed to Germany as the sole defender of Western European culture against the "Bolshevist hordes." The introduction of the V-1 and V-2 "vengeance weapons" was emphasized to convince Britons of the hopelessness of defeating Germany. Goebbels committed suicide shortly after Hitler on April 30, 1945. In his stead, [[truthHans Fritzsche]] , who had been head of the Radio Chamber, was tried and acquitted by the Nuremberg war crimes tribunal.*== Cold War Propaganda == The United States and the [[propaganda techniquesSoviet Union]] *both used propaganda extensively during the [[distractionCold War]] *. Both sides used film, television and radio programming to influence their own citizens, each other and Third World nations. The [[United States Information Agency]] operated the [[Voice of America]] as an official government station. [[Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty]], in part supported by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], provided gray propaganda in news and entertainment programs to Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union respectively. The Soviet Union's official government station Radio Moscow, broadcast white propaganda, while Radio Peace and Freedom broadcast grey propaganda. Both sides also broadcast black propaganda programs around special crises. One of the most insightful authors of the Cold War was [[George Orwell]], whose novels ''[[w:Animal Farm|Animal Farm]]'' and ''[[w:Nineteen Eighty-Four|Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' are virtual textbooks on the use of propaganda. Though not set in the Soviet Union, their characters live under totalitarian regimes in which language is constantly corrupted for political purposes. Those novels were used for explicit propaganda. The CIA, for example, secretly commissioned an animated film adaptation of ''Animal Farm'' in the 1950s. == Techniques of Propaganda Generation ==<div style="float:right;width:252px;margin:10px;text-align:center">[[image:Saddam Hussein.jpg]]<br>''[[Saddam Hussein]] pictured as a decisive war leader in an Iraqi propaganda picture''</div> A number of techniques are used to create messages which are persuasive, but false. Many of these same techniques can be found under[[Propaganda_techniques#Logical_Fallacies|logical fallacies]] since propagandists use arguments which, although sometimes convincing, are not necessarily valid.  Some time has been spent analyzing the means by which propaganda messages are transmitted, and that work is important, but it's clear that information dissemination strategies only become propaganda strategies when coupled with ''propagandistic messages.'' Identifying these propaganda messages is a necessary prerequisite to studying the methods by which those messages are spread. That's why it is essential to have some knowledge of the following techniques for generating propaganda: '''[[Appeal to fear]]''': Appeals to fear seeks to build support by instilling fear in the general population - for example [[Joseph Goebbels]] exploited [[Theodore Kaufman]]'s ''[[Germany Must Perish!]]'' to claim that the Allies sought the extermination of the German people.  '''[[Appeal to authority]]''': Appeals to authority cite prominent figures to support a position idea, argument, or course of action. '''[[Bandwagon effect|Bandwagon]]''': Bandwagon-and-inevitable-victoryappeals attempt to persuade the target audience to take a course of action"everyone else is taking." "Join the crowd." This technique reinforces people's natural desire to be on the winning side. This technique is used to convince the audience that a program is an expression of an irresistible mass movement and that it is in their interest to join. "Inevitable victory" invites those not already on the bandwagon to join those already on the road to certain victory. Those already, or partially, on the bandwagon are reassured that staying aboard is the best course of action. '''[[Obtain disapproval]]''': This technique is used to get the audience to disapprove an action or idea by suggesting the idea is popular with groups hated, feared, or held in contempt by the target audience. Thus, if a group which supports a policy is led to believe that undesirable, subversive, or contemptible people also support it, the members of the group might decide to change their position. '''[[Glittering generalities]]''':Glittering generalities are intensely emotionally appealing words so closelyassociated with highly valued concepts and beliefs that they carry convictionwithout supporting information or reason. They appeal to such emotions as love of country, home; desire for peace, freedom, glory, honor, etc. They ask for approval without examination of the reason. Though the words and phrases are vague and suggest different things to different people, their connotation is always favorable: "The concepts and programs of the propagandist are always good, desirable, virtuous." '''[[Rationalization]]''': Individuals or groupsmay use favorable generalities to rationalize questionable acts or beliefs.Vague and pleasant phrases are often used to justify such actions or beliefs. '''[[Intentional vagueness]]''': Generalitiesare deliberately vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations.The intention is to move the audience by use of undefined phrases, withoutanalyzing their validity or attempting to determine their reasonablenessor application '''[[Transfer]]''': This is a technique of projecting positive or negative qualities (praise or blame) of a person, entity, object, or value (an individual, group, organization, nation, patriotism, etc.) to another in order to make the second more acceptable or to discredit it. This technique is generally used to transfer blame from one member of a conflict to another. It evokes an emotional response which stimulates the target to identify with recognized authorities. '''[[Oversimplification]]''': Favorable generalities are used to provide simple answers to complex social, political, economic, or military problems. '''[[Common man]]''': The "plain folks" or "common man" approach attempts to convince the audience that the propagandist's positions reflect the common sense of the people. It is designed to win the confidence of the audience by communicating in the common manner and style of the audience. Propagandists use ordinary language and mannerisms (and clothes in face-to-face and audiovisual communications) in attempting to identify their point of view with that of the average person.  '''[[Testimonial]]''': Testimonials are quotations, in or out of context, especially cited to support or reject a given policy, action, program, or personality. The reputation or the role (expert, respected public figure, etc.) of the individual giving the statement is exploited. The testimonial places the official sanction of a respected person or authority on a propaganda message. This is done in an effort to cause the target audience to identify itself with the authority or to accept the authority's opinions and beliefs as its own.  '''[[Stereotyping]]''' or Labeling: This technique attempts to arouse prejudices in an audience by labeling the object of the propaganda campaign as something the target audience fears, hates, loathes, or finds undesirable. '''[[Scapegoating]]''': Assigning blame to an individual or group that isn't really responsible, thus alleviating feelings of guilt from responsible parties and/or distracting attention from the need to fix the problem for which blame is being assigned.  '''[[Virtue word]]s''': These are words in the value system of the target audience which tend to produce a positive image when attached to a person or issue. Peace, happiness, security, wise leadership, freedom, etc., are virtue words. '''[[Slogan]]s''': A slogan is a brief striking phrase that may include labeling and stereotyping. If ideas can be sloganized, they should be, as good slogans are self-perpetuating memes. See also [[doublespeak]], [[information warfare]], [[meme]], [[psyops]] == Techniques of Propaganda Transmission == Common methods for transmitting propaganda messages include news reports,government reports, historical revision, theater, books, leaflets, [[propaganda film|movies]], [[radio]] , [[television]] , and posters. == Recognizing Propaganda ==Some of the most effective [[propaganda techniques]] work by misdirecting or distracting the public's finite attention away from important issues. It's important to read between the lines of the news and see what ''isn't'' being reported, or what is reported once, quietly, and not followed up. In an age of information overload, [[distraction]] techniques can as effective as active propaganda. One way to test for distraction is to look for items that appear repeatedly in foreign press (from neutral and hostile countries) and that don't appear in your own. But beware of deliberately placed lies that are repeated with the hope that people will believe it if it is repeated often enough. All active propaganda techniques can be tested by asking if they tend the target audience to act in the best interests of the distributor of the propaganda. Propaganda presents on point of view as if it were the best or only way to look at a situation. Sometimes propaganda can be detected by the fact that it changes before and after a critical event, whereas more honest information like medicine, science or any training manual should largely remain the same after the event as before. If there are big disparities, or if some "[[valuable lesson]]" or "[[wake-up call]]" has occurred, it means that what was provided before the fact was not really "instruction" but "guessing," or - if there is no consistent explanation that survives - '''propaganda.'''. ==Propaganda organisations==  '''US government examples''' *[[4th Psychological Operations Group (Airborne)]]*[[Counter-Information Team]]*[[Office of Global Communications]]*[[Office of Public Diplomacy]]*[[Office of Strategic Communication]]*[[Office of Strategic Influence]]*[[Psychological Strategy Board]] '''British government examples'''  *[[15 (UK) Psychological Operations Group]]*[[British Satellite News]] *[[British Forces Broadcasting Service]] *[[Central Office of Information]] *[[Civil Contingencies Secretariat]], Cabinet Office *[[D-Notice]] Committee *[[Government Communication Network]] *[[Government Information Service]] *[[Government Information and Communication Service]] *[[Information Department]], Foreign Office *[[Information Policy]], Army/Intelligence *[[Information Research Department]], Foreign Office *[[Lobby system]] *[[London Press Service]] *[[London Radio Service]], Central Office of Information *[[Northern Ireland Information Service]], Northern Ireland Office *[[Public Diplomacy Policy Department]], Foreign Office *[[Services Sound and Vision Corporation]] '''Australian government examples''' *[[Project Australia]] ==Resources and articles=====Related SourceWatch articles===*[[Advertising]]*[[Brett Gary]]* [[Alex Carey]]* [[Center for Media and Democracy]]*[[Distraction]]*[[conservative news outlets]] (list)*[[George Creel]]*[[Hi Magazine]]*[[Historical engineering]]*[[Information warfare]]*[[Institute for Propaganda Analysis]]*[[liberal news outlets]] (list)*[[Obama Propaganda]]*[[Propaganda_techniques#Logical_Fallacies|Logical fallacy]]*[[manufactured journalism]]*[[Music Corporation of America]]*[[Pentagon military analyst program]]*[[Power of persuasion technology]]*[[Propaganda film]]*[[Propaganda glossary]]*[[Propaganda Model]]*[[Propaganda posters]]*[[Propaganda techniques]]*[[Public diplomacy]], the term used by the [[United States Information Agency]] to describe its mission*[[Public relations]]*[[Resources for studying propaganda]]*[[State of Deception: The Power of Nazi Propaganda]]* [[John Stauber]]*[[Thought control]]*[[Truth]]*[[War propaganda]] ===References===<references/> ===External Sources===* Jowett, Garth S. and Victoria O'Donnell, ''Propaganda and Persuasion''. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, [[2006]]. ISBN 1-4129-0898-1.* Howe, Ellic. ''The Black Game: British Subversive Operations Against the German During the Second World War''. London: Futura, [[1982]].* Edwards, John Carver. ''Berlin Calling: American Broadcasters in Service to the Third Reich''. New York, Prager Publishers, [[1991]]. ISBN 0-275-93705-7. * Linebarger, Paul M. A. (aka [w:[Cordwainer Smith|]]). ''Psychological Warfare''. Washington, D.C., Infantry Journal Press, [[1948]]. * Shirer, William L. ''Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934-1941.'' New York: Albert A. Knopf, [[1942]].* Much of the information found in Propaganda techniques is take from: "Appendix I: PSYOP Techniques" from "Psychological Operations Field Manual No.33-1" published by Headquarters; Department of the Army, in Washington DC, on 31 August [[1979]]. [http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm33-1/]. ===External links===*[[Alex Carey]], "[http://www.press.uillinois.edu/s97/carey.html Taking the risk out of democracy: Corporate propaganda in the US and Australia]", NSW Press/ Illinois Press, 1995.* Edward S. Herman, [http://www.scribd.com/doc/57070024/The-Propaganda-Model The Propaganda Model: a retrospective], Journalism Studies, Volume 1, Number 1, 2000, pp. 101–112, University of Pennsylvania, USA*[http://www.propagandacritic.com propaganda critic]: A website devoted to propaganda analysis.* [http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1373/8_49/55481498/p1/article.jhtml?term=%22Powers+of+Persuasion+%28Propaganda%29%22 David Welch: Powers of Persuasion]* [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB78/ Documentation on Early Cold War]* U.S. Propaganda Activities in the Middle East] by the National Security Archive. Collection of 148 documents and overview essay.* [http://intellit.muskingum.edu/uk_folder/ukwwiiservpwe.html Bibliography on the British Political Warfare Executive]* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12456a.htm Sacred Congregation of Propaganda] from the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]].* [[Jacques Ellul]], [http://www.intheheart.net/propag.html Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes--excerpts]* [http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/ Stefan Landsberger's Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages]* Randal Marlin, [http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/1551113767/ref%3Dbr%5Flf%5Fb%5F8/701-8117317-3189907 Propaganda: the ethics of persuasion], Broadview Press, 2002. ISBN: 1551113767 * [http://artchina.free.fr/ Propaganda Communist Chinese Paintings] (site in French)* Bytwerk, Randall, "[http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/index.htm Nazi and East German Propaganda Guide Page]". CAS Department, Calvin College.*Jim Boyd, [http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reportsitem.aspx?id=100453 "Editorial Pages: Why Courage is Hard to Find,"] ''Nieman Reports'', Spring 2006.*Ruth Walker, "[http://blogs.csmonitor.com/verbal_energy/2005/05/index.html How 'propaganda' lost its good name]", ''Christian Science Monitor'', May 25, 2006.* Jerry Landay, [http://www.mediatransparency.org/story.php?storyID=167 The "Civil War" squabble: Waging combat with words]", ''Media Transparency'', December 9, 2006.*Manuel Valenzuela, [http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article17475.htm "The Unearthing: An Awakening Has Arrived. With Truth Comes Awakening,"] ''Information Clearing House'', May 3, 2007.*Kenneth A. Osgood, "[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3402300123.html Propaganda]," Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, 2002, accessed August 14, 2008.*Eric Alterman and Danielle Ivory, [http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/05/ta052109.html "Think Again, Blogosphere to Mainstream Media: Get Off the Bus,"] Center for American Progress, May 21, 2009.*[https://www.prwatch.org/books/tsigfy.html Toxic Sludge Is Good For You! Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry] *[https://www.prwatch.org/books/experts.html Trust Us, We're Experts! How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles With Your Future] *[https://www.prwatch.org/books/wmd.html Weapons of Mass Deception: The Uses of Propaganda in Bush's War on Iraq];   {{wikipedia}} [[Category:Propaganda]]