Changes

[[Category:Nuclear PR]]A basic and deliberately limited definition for the term '''weapons of mass destruction''', also known as '''WMD''', comes from the [[National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction]] of 2002: "Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)--nuclear, biological, and chemical--in the possession of hostile states and terrorists represent one of the greatest security challenges facing the United States." Also included in this category are missiles capable of reaching both the United States and U.S. interests abroad. This limited "NBC" definition also occurs in other official and quasi-official projects such as the [[Nuclear Threat Initiative]]. However this focus may be a [[distraction]], similar to the notion of [[cyberterror]] or [[cyberwar]], intended to move attention away from several facts that are rarely or never mentioned by any official American document: *The United States claims to have "clear superiority" in [[nuclear weapon]], [[biological weapon]] and [[chemical weapon]] technologies, and has stockpiles of nuclear and other weapons sufficient to wipe out Earth's whole population. *The [[United Nations]] prefers a wider definition of WMD than the old NBC trio - including [[radiological weapon]]s. Also the [[American Committee for the United Nations University]] in its [[2001 State of the Future]] report cited the [[Swedish Peace Insitute]] and other sources as arguing that [[artificial intelligence]], [[genetics]], [[proteomics]], [[molecular engineering]] had vastly greater potential than NBC weapons to destroy not only human but all life on Earth, within credible near-term development pathways. Early promoters of some of these technologies actually tend to have the most cautionary views: [[Hugo de Garis]], [[K. Eric Drexler]], [[Bill Joy]], and recently [[Martin Rees]], the UK Astronomer-Royal, have made such [[apocalyptic prediction]]s. *Various US think tanks, e.g. [[Foresight Institute]], and corporations, e.g. [[Zyvex]], and even some nonprofit 'charities', e.g. [[Singularity Institute]], are actively researching these technologies and effectively promoting them - they have been successful in achieving vast investments from the US [[military-industrial complex]], e.g. the [[National Nanotechnology Initiative]] funded under the [[Clinton Administration]]. By contrast the Chinese initiatives in this area have been mostly privately funded with medical or materials objectives. Other weapons of mass destruction in current use include: *[http://www.hrwinfoplease.orgcom/pressipa/2003/12/us-iraq-pressA0908910.htm Cluster Munitionshtml ''Fighting Words: An Iraq War Glossary''][http://usatoday.printthissays that '''Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)''' are "chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons.clickabilityThe ''Washington Post'' quoted historian Paul Fussell on the subject: 'A machine gun, properly fired, is a weapon of mass destruction.com/pt/cpt?actionWe're pretending that only awful and sinister people own weapons of mass destruction. We own them, too. We just call them something else.'" == Resources=====cpt&titleAlso see=USATODAY.com+-+Cluster+bombs+kill+in+Iraq%2C+even+after+shooting+ends&expire=&urlID=8502158&fb=Y&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Firaq%2F2003-12-10-cluster-bomb-cover_x.htm&partnerID=1660] *[[Depleted Uranium]] munitions *Napalm == Other Related SourceWatch Resources == *[[Advisory Panel Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction]]*[[arms control]] *[[Arms-to-Iraq affair]] *[[Center for Responsible NanotechnologyHomeland defense]] *[[ETC GroupHomeland security]] *[[Gilmore CommissionIran]] *[[Homeland defenseIraqi National Congress]] *[[Homeland securityIraqi supergun affair]] *[[House Science Committee Hearing on the Societal Implications of Nanotechnology]lightweight anti-structure missile]] (ASM)*[[Iraqi supergun affairnanotechnology]] *[[National Nanotechnology InitiativeCounterproliferation Center]] *[[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] *[[nuclear weapons]] *[[Pro-technology propaganda]] *[[Russia "Cleaned Up" Saddam's WMD]]*[[The alleged linkage of Saddam Hussein with Osama bin Laden, al Qaeda and weapons of mass destruction investigation]] *[[distractionUNSCOM]] *[[weapons of mass destruction suspected terroristsinvestigation]] == External Links == *[[w:Weapons weapons of mass destruction|Wikipediasuspected terrorists]] '''Documents''' ===References and notes===<references/> *[http://www.tompaine=== External links =======2002====*John Steinbach, [http://www.com/feature2wagingpeace.cfmorg/IDarticles/7943 Let the Record Speak], ''TomPaine02.com'': Bush Administration Quotes from August 26, 2002 through May 30, 2003. *[http:03//www0331steinbachisraeli.state.gov/www/regions/nea/iraq_white_paper.html Iraq htm Israeli Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs: a Threat to Peace], DC Iraq Coalition/[[Centre for Research on Globalisation]] (CRG), globalresearch. U.S. Government White Paper]ca, released February 13March 3, 19982002. *Mark Matthews and Tom Bowman, [http://cnswww.miisbaltimoresun.educom/researchnews/wmdmenationworld/ Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East]bal-te.iraq13nov13, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]]0, September 20011315506. *[http://imagestory?coll=bal-news-nation "U.guardianS.co.uk/sys-files/Politics/documents/2002/09/24/dossier.pdf officials brief inspectors on Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destructionweapons programs. The Assessment of the British GovernmentState Department, intelligence officials meet with U.N. panel,"]''Baltimore Sun'', September 24November 13, 2002. *Todd W. John, [http://www.ciaatimes.govcom/ciaatimes/publicationsmiddle_east/iraq_wmd/Iraq_Oct_2002DK15Ak01.htm Iraqhtml "How the techies will find Saddam's Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs]arsenal, [[Central Intelligence Agency"]] (CIA)''Asia Times'', November 15, October 2002.  ====2003====*[http://www.whitehousethebulletin.govorg/newsissues/releases2003/2002ja03/12/WMDStrategy.pdf National Strategy to Combat Weapons ja03rothstein.html "Calendar of Mass Destructionerrors,"]''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'', December 2002. *[httpJanuary 2003://www"This one's for the history books, folks.fas.org/irp/threat/wmd.htm Weapons While it's always possible that some Iraqi weapons of Mass Destruction Intelligence Threat Assessments], 1992mass destruction or WMD--2003. *Jeffrey Richelsonwhich posed such an immediate threat to the United States that the Bush administration was compelled to invade that country--may some day be found, edso far the weapons have proved elusive.Just for the record, [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB80/ Iraq (and Weapons in case in a few years no one can believe what happened, or the story becomes confused with the plot of Mass Destructiona Marx Brothers movie), here's a representative sample of reports from the U. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book NoS. 80], December 20, 2002/Updated - February 26, 2003and British news media since the search for Iraq's WMD began. "*[[Wolf Blitzer]], [http://www.ustreascnn.govcom/2003/officesUS/enforcement01/ofac10/ Uwbr.Ssmoking. Department of gun/ "Search for the Treasury'smoking gun', Office of Foreign Assets Control"]CNN, January 10, 2003. "Last September 8, I interviewed President Bush's National Security Adviser, Dr. Condoleezza Rice. I was pressing her on Iraqi President Saddam Hussein's nuclear capabilities."*Ayman El-Amir, [http://wwwweekly.cfrahram.org.eg/background2003/wmd_interdict622/op173.php WMD: Uhtm "The burden of truth.S. Interdiction], [[Council on Foreign Relations]Who's to produce the smoking gun?"]' Update on Weapons of Mass Destruction'Al-Ahram Weekly'', June 26January 23-29, 2003: "Iraq is guilty until proven guilty. "*Phyllis Bennis, [http://disarmamentwww.unfpif.org/wmdcommentary/2003/ Weapons of Mass Destruction Branch Department 0302powell_body.html "Powell's Dubious Case for Disarmament Affairs]War, [[United Nations]"]. '''General'Foreign Policy in Focus'' , February 5, 2003.*Firas Al-Atraqchi, [http://www.thebulletindissidentvoice.org/issuesArticles/2003/ja03/ja03rothsteinAl-Atraqchi_Powell.html Calendar htm "Irrefutable Evidence Against Iraq? The Telling of errorsa Tall Tale,"], ''Bulletin of the Atomic ScientistsDissident Voice'': "This one's for the history books, folksFebruary 7, 2003.*David Isenberg, [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/ED09Ak03. While ithtml "Iraq's always possible that some Iraqi weapons of mass destruction or WMD--which posed such an immediate threat to the United States that the Bush administration was compelled to invade that country--may some day be foundrevisited,"] ''Asia Times'', so far the weapons have proved elusiveApril 9, 2003. Just for the record*[[Ari Fleischer]], (and in case in a few years no one can believe what happened[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/04/20030410-6.html White House Press Briefing], or the story becomes confused with the plot of a Marx Brothers movie)April 10, here's a representative sample of reports from the U2003.S. and British news media since the search for Iraq's WMD began." *[[w:weapons of mass destruction|Weapons of mass destruction - Wikipedia]] *John Steinbach*Nicholas Watt, [http://www.wagingpeacemindfully.org/articlesReform/2003/02.03/0331steinbachisraeliBlix-US-Iraq-War12apr03.htm Israeli Weapons of Mass Destruction"Hans Blix: a Threat to PeaceUS was Bent on War,"]''Guardian/UK'', DC Iraq Coalition/[[Centre for Research on Globalisation]] (CRG), globalresearch.ca, March 3, 2002April 12, 2003. *Lisa PorteusNicholas D. Kristoff, [http://www.foxnewsnytimes.com/story2003/05/06/opinion/0,2933,76887,0006KRIS.html Weapons of Mass Destruction Handbook]?th Missing in Action: Truth], FoxNews.com''The New York Times'', February 23May 6, 2003. *Nicholas D. KristoffTrevor Findlay and Ben Mines, [http://www.nytimesbasicint.comorg/2003iraqconflict/05Pubs/06Web%20Notes/opinion/06KRISWN040603.html?th Missing in Actionhtm "Iraq's Weapons: TruthThe US fails to best UNMOVIC,"], ''The New York Timesbasicint.org'', May 6June 4, 2003. *Christopher Scheer, [http://www.alternet.org/print.html?StoryID=16274 10 Appalling Lies We Were Told About Iraq], ''AlterNet'', June 27, 2003. *[[Scott Ritter ]] (former UNSCOM Weapons Inspector), [http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/25/opinion/25RITT.html?ex=1062828454&ei=1&en=15054868c25b50d2 A Weapons Cache We'll Never See], ''The New York Times'', August 25, 2003. *[http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/04/opinion/04SAT1.html?th The Elusive Iraqi Weapons], ''New York Times'' Op-Ed, October 4, 2003. *Warren Hoge, [http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/06/international/europe/06BRIT.html?th Blair Doubted Iraq Had Arms, Ex-Aide Says], ''New York Times'', October 6, 2003. *Will Dunham, [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&cid=578&ncid=578&e=16&u=/nm/20031029/ts_nm/iraq_usa_intelligence_dc Pentagon Mulls Shifting Experts Away from Iraq Arms Hunt], Reuters, October 29, 2003: "The Pentagon is considering shifting intelligence personnel in Iraq from the so-far fruitless search for weapons of mass destruction to strengthen efforts to combat the intensifying resistance, officials said on Wednesday. ... 'What's more important right now and what's more destabilizing: the insurgency or knowing about the WMD?' asked a defense official, speaking on condition of anonymity." *David Ensor, [http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/12/02/wmd.warning/index.html U.S. gets tough over WMD trade], ''CNN.com'', December 3, 2003: "The [[Bush administration]] says the U.S. and its allies are willing to use "robust techniques" to stop so-called [[rogue nation]]s from getting materials to make weapons of mass destruction." *William Rivers Pitt, [http://www.alternet.org/story.html?StoryID=17391 We Caught the Wrong Guy], ''TruthOut.com'', December 15, 2003. '''A "must read" article.''' *Richard W. Stevenson, '''[http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/18/politics/18PREX.html Remember 'Weapons of Mass Destruction'? For Bush, They Are a Nonissue]''', ''New York Times'', December 18, 2003. *[[David E. Sanger ]] and [[Judith Miller]], [http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/20/international/middleeast/20LIBY.html?th Libya to Give Up Arms Programs, Bush Announces], ''New York Times'', December 20, 2003. *Jim Lobe, [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/EL20Ak03.html 20 December 2003]: "Who needs WMD when you've got Saddam?," by Jim Lobe, '] ''Asia Times'', December 20, 2003: "With former president Saddam Hussein in the bag, the administration of President George W Bush appears determined to make US voters forget Washington invaded Iraq on the pretext that its now evidently non-existent weapons of mass destruction (WMD) posed a direct threat to the United States and its allies. ... '''The effort so far has taken two forms: the suggestion by administration officials, including Bush himself, that ousting and capturing Saddam were ample justifications for going to war; and the quiet dissolution of the nearly billion-dollar effort to find WMD in Iraq.'''"  ====2004====*Christopher Marquis, [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/09/politics/09POWE.html?th 9 January 2004]: "Powell Admits No Hard Proof in Linking Iraq to Al Qaeda," by Christopher Marquis, ] ''New York Times'', January 9, 2004: "Secretary of State [[Colin L. Powell]] conceded Thursday that despite his assertions to the [[United Nations]] last year, he had no 'smoking gun' proof of a link between the government of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and terrorists of Al Qaeda. ... 'I have not seen smoking-gun, concrete evidence about the connection,' Mr. Powell said, in response to a question at a news conference. 'But I think the possibility of such connections did exist, and it was prudent to consider them at the time that we did.'"*Bill Maxwell, [http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0303-10.htm "After Pigeon Inspections, Bush Eats Crow,"] ''St. Petersburg Times'', March 3, 2004.*Peter Slavin, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48456-2004Apr3.html?referrer=email "Brazil Shielding Uranium Facility. Nation Seeks to Keep Its Proprietary Data From U.N. Inspectors,"] ''New York Times'', April 4, 2004.*[http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/breaking_1.html "UN inspectors: Saddam shipped out WMD before war and after,"] ''World Tribune'', June 11, 2004.*Ben Johnson, [http://frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=13835 "Exporting Saddam's WMDs,"] [[FrontPageMag.com]], June 18, 2004.*Paul Kerr, [http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2004_07-08/IraqiWeaponsSites.asp "UN: Iraqi Weapons Sites Looted,"] ''Arms Control Today'', July/August 2004.*[http://www.washingtondispatch.com/spectrum/archives/000635.html "No WMD: Bush Legitimizes Invasion of Iraq,"] ''Washington Dispatch'', October 7, 2004.*Jonathan S. Landay, [http://www.realcities.com/mld/krwashington/10042037.htm "Vast amounts of weapons-related material missing, official says,"] Knight Ridder, October 8, 2004.*[http://www.noticias.info/Archivo/2004/200412/20041204/20041204_41515.shtm "Findings of US team confirms UN analysis of Iraq's weapons programme,"] ''noticias.info'', December 3, 2004. ====2005====*Dafna Linzer, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3740-2005Jan12.html "Search for Banned Arms In Iraq Ended Last Month. Critical September Report to Be Final Word,"] ''Washington Post'', January 12, 2005.*[http://nytimes.com/2005/01/13/opinion/13thur1.html Bulletin: "No W.M.D. Found,"] ''New York Times'', January 13, 2005.*Julian Borger and Jonathan Steele, [http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2005/01/13/no_wmd/index_np.html "Surprise, surprise, there were no WMD. But Bush sticks to his guns on whether invading Iraq was worth the cost,"] ''Salon'', January 13, 2005.*[http://www.startribune.com/stories/561/5185678.html "Editorial: Iraq/No WMD, no reason for war,"] ''Star Tribune'', January 14, 2005.*John Nichols, [http://www.thenation.com/thebeat/index.mhtml?bid=1&pid=2130 "Holding WMD Liars Accountable,"] ''The Nation'', January 17, 2005.*[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6834079/ "U.S. found no evidence WMD moved from Iraq. No signs that weapons were smuggled, intelligence officials say,"] Associated Press, January 17, 2005.*Emil Guillermo, [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/gate/archive/2005/01/18/eguillermo.DTL "Bush's Bluff,"] ''SFGate.com'', January 18, 2005.*Kevin Harris, [http://www.thehilltoponline.com/news/2005/01/18/Campus/Bush-Calls.Off.Search.For.Weapons.Of.Mass.Destruction-834071.shtml "Bush Calls Off Search For Weapons of Mass Destruction,"] ''The Hilltop Online'', January 18, 2005.*Edith M. Lederer, [http://ap.tbo.com/ap/breaking/MGBXSXS8X5E.html "U.N. Report Says Satellite Images Show Some 90 Inspection Sites in Iraq Stripped or Razed,"] AP, March 4, 2005.*[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7095347/ "U.N. agency: 90 dangerous sites looted in Iraq. Vials of 'seed stock' among materials of concern, inspectors say,"] Reuters, March 5, 2005.*Edith M. Lederer, [http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/20050603/ap_on_re_mi_ea/un_weapons_inspectors "U.N.: Weapons Equipment Missing in Iraq,"] AP, June 3, 2005.*Jennifer Loven, [http://www.suntimes.com/output/iraq/cst-nws-iraq04.html "White House downplays Iraq missing weapons report,"] ''Chicago Sun-Times'', June 4, 2005.*[http://businessjournalism.org/2010/10/04/reuters-and-milwaukee-journal-sentinel-receive-2010-barlett-steele-awards/ Murray Waas],[http://www.nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2005/1018nj1.htm "Cheney, Libby Blocked Papers to Senate Intelligence Committee"] ''National Journal'', Oct. 27, 2005*[http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/National+Reporting Murray Waas and Paul Singer,] [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/presidentbush/2008/06/faith-or-cronyi.html "Addington's Role in Cheney's Office Draws Fresh Attention,"] National Journal, Oct. 30, 2005*[[Murray Waas]],[http://nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2005/1122nj1.htm "Murray Waas: Key Intelligence Briefing Kept From Hill Panel,"] ''National Journal'', November 30, 2005. ====2006==== *[[Murray Waas]],[http://nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2006/0209nj1.htm "Cheney Authorized Libby to Leak Classified Information,"] ''National Journal'', February 9, 2006.*[[Murray Waas]], [http://hotstory.nationaljournal.com/articles/0302nj1.htm "What Bush Was Told About Iraq"] ''National Journal'', March 2, 2006.*[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/reuters-and-milwaukee-journal-sentinel-receive-2010-barlett--steele-awards-104329693.html Muray Waas,] [http://news.nationaljournal.com/articles/0414nj3.htm "Cheney Authorized Leak of CIA Report,Libby Says,"] ''National Journal'', April 14, 2006.*[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/reuters-and-milwaukee-journal-sentinel-receive-2010-barlett--steele-awards-104329693.html Murray Waas,] [http://news.nationaljournal.com/articles/0330nj1.htm "Insulating Bush,"] ''National Journal'', March 30, 2006.*[http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/National+Reporting Shane Harris and Murray Waas,] [http://news.nationaljournal.com/articles/0525nj2.htm "Justice Department Probe Foiled"] ''National Journal'', May 25, 2006*Katherine Shrader, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/22/AR2006062201475.html "New Intel Report Reignites Iraq Arms Fight,"] Associated Press (''Washington Post''), June 22, 2006: "The newly declassified military intelligence report was released Wednesday by National Intelligence Director [[John Negroponte]]." Congressmen [[Rick Santorum]] (R-Pennsylvania) and [[Peter Hoekstra]] (R-Michigan) "had urged him to release the report this week during congressional debates on Iraq."*Joby Warrick, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/24/AR2006062401081.html "Warnings on WMD 'Fabricator' Were Ignored, Ex-CIA Aide Says,"] ''Washington Post'', June 25, 2006.*[[Rick Santorum]] and [[Peter Hoekstra]], [http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110008568 "Saddam's WMD. Why is our intelligence community holding back?"] ''Opinion Journal'', June 26, 2006. *[[Scott Ritter]], [http://www.alternet.org/waroniraq/38011/ "Three Iraq Myths That Won't Quit,"] ''AlterNet'', June 26, 2006.*Kristin Roberts, [http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/06/29/us_forces_have_found_some_old_iraqi_wmd_says_general/?rss_id=Boston.com+%2F+News+%2F+National+news "US forces have found some old Iraqi WMD, says general,"] Reuters (''Boston Globe''), June 29, 2006.*Michael Scherer, [http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2006/06/30/bugs/ "The GOP's Clorox bombshell. House Republicans are trumpeting a WMD 'discovery.' But experts say Saddam's dusty weapons are less toxic than the pesticides under your sink,"] ''Salon'', June 30, 2006. *Colin Brown and Andy McSmith, [http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/article2076137.ece "Diplomat's suppressed document lays bare the lies behind Iraq war,"] ''The Independent'' (UK), December 15, 2006. ====2007====*[http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/05/ta052109.html Marcy Wheeler] [http://thenexthurrah.typepad.com/the_next_hurrah/2007/09/no-senators-kne.html#more "No Senators Knew,"] ''The Next Hurrah'' Blog, September 5, 2007. ===Websites===*[http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/ ArmsControlWonk.com]: "All the stuff about WMD, intel and the national security bureaucracy." ===Further reading===*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction "weapons of mass destruction"] in the ''Wikipedia''. Note: This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality. See the ''Wikipedia'' talk page for details. ===Quotes===*[http://www.tompaine.com/feature2.cfm/ID/7943 Let the Record Speak], ''TomPaine.com'': Bush Administration Quotes from August 26, 2002 through May 30, 2003. ===Documents===*Also see [[United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission]] (UNMOVIC) for documents and reports.*[http://www.state.gov/www/regions/nea/iraq_white_paper.html Iraq Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs. U.S. Government White Paper], released February 13, 1998.*[http://cns.miis.edu/research/wmdme/ Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East], [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]], September 2001.*[http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Politics/documents/2002/09/24/dossier.pdf Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction. The Assessment of the British Government], September 24, 2002.*[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/iraq_wmd/Iraq_Oct_2002.htm Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs], [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA), October 2002.*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/12/WMDStrategy.pdf National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction], December 2002.*[http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/wmd.htm Weapons of Mass Destruction Intelligence Threat Assessments], 1992-2003.*Jeffrey Richelson, ed., [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB80/ Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 80], December 20, 2002/Updated - February 26, 2003.*[http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/ U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control].*[http://www.cfr.org/background/wmd_interdict.php WMD: U.S. Interdiction], [[Council on Foreign Relations]]' Update on Weapons of Mass Destruction, June 26, 2003.*[http://disarmament.un.org/wmd/ Weapons of Mass Destruction Branch Department for Disarmament Affairs], [[United Nations]].   ===History of the U.S. Relationship With Saddam Hussein Prior to War=== *Douglas Frantz and [[Murray Waas]], "[http://articles.latimes.com/1992-02-24/news/mn-2038_1_arms-control Bush Had Long History of Support Iraq Aid,"] ''Los Angeles Times'', Feb. 24, 1992. *[http://www.ziggs.com/public/Murray_Waas_192084 Murray Waas] and [http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/National+Reporting Douglas Frantz,] [http://articles.latimes.com/1992-02-25/news/mn-2628_1_foreign-policy "U.S.Loans Indirectly Financed Iraq Military,"] ''Los Angeles Times'', Feb. 25, 1992.*[http://www.cjr.org/the_audit/reuters_is_excellent_in_diggin.php Murray Waas and Douglas Frantz,] [http://articles.latimes.com/1992-03-07/news/mn-3554_1_commercial-sales "U.S. Knew Arms Sales Broke Law, Pell Charges,"] ''Los Angeles Times'', March 7, 1992.*[http://www.ziggs.com/public/Murray_Waas_192225 Murray Waas] and Douglas Frantz, [http://articles.latimes.com/1992-03-10/news/mn-3540_1_intelligence-sharing "U.S. Gave Intelligence Information to Iraq Three Months Before Invasion,"] ''Los Angeles Times'', March 10, 1992.*[http://blogs.reuters.com/reuters-investigates/2011/01/05/congratulations-to-murray-waas/ Murray Waas and Douglas Frantz],[http://articles.latimes.com/1992-03-22/news/mn-7320_1_food-aid "Abuses in U.S. Aid to Iraqis Ignored: Bush Administration Pushed Trhough $1 Billion More in Assistance Despite Efforts of Kickbakcs and Evidence That Food May Have Been Traded for Arms,"] ''Los Angeles Times'', March 22, 1992.*[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/reuters-and-milwaukee-journal-sentinel-receive-2010-barlett--steele-awards-104329693.html Norman Kempster and Murray Waas], [http://articles.latimes.com/1992-03-29/news/mn-460_1_persian-gulf "U.S. Paying Off Bad Iraqi Loan,"] [http://articles.latimes.com/keyword/united-states-foreign-aid-iraq ''Los Angeles Times'',] March 29, 1992.*Dean Baquet, [http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/27/business/documents-charge-iraqis-made-swap-us-food-for-arms.html "Documents Charge Iraqis Made Swap: U.S. Food for Arms,"] ''New York Times'', April 27*[http://businessjournalism.org/2010/10/04/reuters-and-milwaukee-journal-sentinel-receive-2010-barlett-steele-awards/ Murray Waas and Douglas Frantz,] [http://articles.latimes.com/1992-05-07/news/mn-2518_1_iran-iraq-war "Bush Tied to `86 Bid To Give Iraq Military Advice,"] ''Los Angeles Times'', May 7, 1992. *[http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/13/us-stanford-campaign-idUSTRE81C22H20120213 Douglas Frantz and Murray Waas,] [http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/1992_1054108/assessment-shows-cia-miscalculated-saddam-s-intent.html "Assessment Shows CIA Miscalculated Saddam's Intent,"] ''Houston Chronicle'', May 9, 1992.*[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/murray-waas/a-reporters-bias_b_23782.html Douglas Frantz and Murray Waas,] [http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/1992_1054108/assessment-shows-cia-miscalculated-saddam-s-intent.html "Assessment Shows CIA Miscalculated Saddam's Intent,"] ''Houston Chronicle'', May 9, 1992.*[http://journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/weblogs/pressthink/2006/04/09/waas_now.html Douglas Frantz and Murray Waas,][http://articles.latimes.com/1992-05-22/news/mn-283_1_iraq-policy "Bush Officials Defend Prewar Aid to Iraq,"] [http://articles.latimes.com/keyword/united-states-military-aid-iraq''Los Angeles Times''], May 22, 1992.*[http://www.hks.harvard.edu/presspol/prizes_lectures/goldsmith_awards/investigative_reporting.html Murray Waas and Douglas Frantz,] [http://articles.latimes.com/1992-05-30/news/mn-242_1_investigative-arm "Officials Investigating Whether U.S. Loans Helped Iraq Buy Arms,"] ''Los Angeles Times'', May 30, 1992.*Elaine Sciolino, [http://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/16/world/us-reports-a-stronger-saddam-hussein.html "U.S. Reports A Stronger Saddam Hussein,"]'' New York Times'', June 16, 1992.*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/16/AR2006041601027.html Douglas Frantz and Murray Waas,] [http://articles.latimes.com/1992-06-24/news/mn-857_1_export-licenses "Testimony on Iraq Export List is Contradicted,"] ''Los Angeles Times'', June 24, 1992.*[http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/National+Reporting Douglas Frantz and Murray Waas,] [http://www.murraywaas.net/specialcounsel_waas.html "Special Counsel Sought to Probe U.S. Aid to Iraq,"][http://articles.latimes.com/keyword/united-states-military-aid-iraq ''Los Angeles Times'',] July 10, 1992.*[http://journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/weblogs/pressthink/2006/04/09/waas_now.html Murray Waas and Douglas Frantz,] [http://murraywaas.net/id52.html "Iraq Got U.S. Technology After CIA Warned Baker,"] ''Los Angeles Times'', July 22, 1992. *[http://www.hks.harvard.edu/presspol/prizes_lectures/goldsmith_awards/investigative_reporting.html Douglas Frantz and Murray Waas], [http://articles.latimes.com/1992-08-06/news/mn-5334_1_white-house "CIA Told White House of Iraqi Arms Exports,"] ''Los Angeles Times'', August 6, 1992.*[http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/National-Reporting Murray Waas and Douglas Frantz,] [http://articles.latimes.com/1992-11-29/news/mn-2980_1_gao-report "Jordan Gave Iraq Broad Military Assistance,"] '' Los Angeles Times'', Nov. 9, 1992.*Index of Articles, "[http://articles.latimes.com/keyword/united-states-military-aid-iraq "U.S. Military Aid to Iraq,"] ''Los Angeles Times'', 1992-1994.*Index of Articles, [http://articles.latimes.com/keyword/united-states-foreign-aid-iraq "U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Iraq,"] ''Los Angeles Times''.  [[category:war/peace]][[category:arms control and disarmament]][[category:war in Iraq]][[category:national security]]