Difference between revisions of "Expansion plans for leading coal exporters"

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==Australia==
 
==Australia==
 
===Overview===
 
===Overview===
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{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align:right"
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| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Project'''
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|+ '''Table 4: Australia export expansion proposals<br><br>
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| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Sponsor'''
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! Project
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| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Capacity (million tonnes per annum)'''
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| [[Balaclava Island Coal Terminal]]||[[Xstrata Coal Queensland]]||20||
 
| [[Balaclava Island Coal Terminal]]||[[Xstrata Coal Queensland]]||20||
 
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| [[Wiggins Island Coal Terminal]]||[[Wiggis Island Coal Export Terminal Pty Ltd]] (consortium)||27||
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| [[Wiggins Island Coal Terminal]]||[[Wiggins Island Coal Export Terminal Pty Ltd]] (consortium)||27||
 
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| [[Hunter Ports]]||[[Hunter Ports]]||65 - 90||
 
| [[Hunter Ports]]||[[Hunter Ports]]||65 - 90||

Revision as of 16:44, 23 June 2014

{{#badges: CoalSwarm |Navbar-Coalexports}}Most coal, and particularly the lower value thermal coal, is burnt in pit-head power stations close to where it is mined. As a result, just over 15% of coal is traded across national boundaries.

According to the International Energy Agency, in 2011 the total international coal trade was 1.139 billion tonnes out of total global demand of approximately 7.384 billion tonnes. Of this thermal coal, which is overwhelmingly used in coal-fired power stations, accounted for just under three quarters. The remainder is metallurgical coal, which is overwhelmingly used in steel production.

Of the traded coal, just over 90% is exported by ships with the remainder transported overland. The overland trade primarily consists of exports between Eastern Europe and Eurasia and of metallurgical coal from Mongolia to China. However, the global seaborne trade is dominated by exports from and to countries within the Pacific basin. (See Pacific Basin coal market and Atlantic Basin coal market for more details).

Overview

Major coal exporters

As shown in the tables below, coal exports grew by 32.5 percent between 2008 and 2012, from 968 million metric tons (tonnes) in 2008 to 1.282 billion metric tons (tonnes) in 2012. Exports are concentrated in a handful of countries. Just two countries (Indonesia and Australia) accounting for over half of the world total and eight countries (Indonesia, Australia, Russia, United States, Colombia, South Africa, Canada, and Kazakhstan) accounting for over 90 percent. Table 1 shows the countries with exports great than 3.0 million short tons. Table 2 shows provides the same information converted to metric tons (tonnes). Note: 1 metric ton (tonne) = 1.10231 short tons.

Table 1: Exports of Coal by Country and Year (thousand short tons)[1]
Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Share in 2012 (%) Cumulative shares (%)
Indonesia 220,404 257,314 294,539 331,423 421,755 29.8% 29.8%
Australia 277,991 288,527 322,559 313,647 332,363 23.5% 53.3%
Russia 111,495 119,384 148,912 140,129 150,720 10.7% 64.0%
United States 83,478 60,404 83,178 108,229 126,720 9.0% 73.0%
Colombia 75,562 74,487 76,989 89,050 92,233 6.5% 79.5%
South Africa 63,814 57,295 73,189 75,847 81,956 5.8% 85.3%
Canada 36,485 31,777 36,920 37,568 38,830 2.7% 88.0%
Kazakhstan 36,538 31,568 34,604 33,477 35,178 2.5% 90.5%
Mongolia 4,582 7,842 18,434 26,110 24,320 1.7% 92.2%
Vietnam 21,335 27,549 21,910 19,701 21,168 1.5% 93.7%
China 63,384 25,235 27,181 27,546 15,184 1.1% 94.8%
North Korea 2,895 3,309 5,113 12,322 13,240 0.9% 95.7%
Ukraine 6,396 6,848 8,444 9,897 8,205 0.6% 96.3%
Czech Republic 9,319 9,100 9,042 8,760 7,609 0.5% 96.9%
Philippines 984 2,198 4,518 3,016 3,498 0.2% 97.1%
Mozambique 31 31 31 640 3,412 0.2% 97.3%
Venezuela 5,213 3,260 2,708 2,283 3,126 0.2% 97.6%
World 1,067,376 1,044,448 1,211,835 1,286,721 1,413,900


Table 2: Exports of Coal by Country and Year (thousand metric tons)[2]
Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Share in 2012 (%) Cumulative shares (%)
Indonesia 199,947 233,431 267,201 300,662 382,610 29.8% 29.8%
Australia 252,189 261,747 292,621 284,536 301,515 23.5% 53.3%
Russia 101,147 108,303 135,091 127,123 136,731 10.7% 64.0%
United States 75,730 54,797 75,458 98,183 114,959 9.0% 73.0%
Colombia 68,549 67,574 69,843 80,784 83,672 6.5% 79.5%
South Africa 57,891 51,977 66,396 68,807 74,349 5.8% 85.3%
Canada 33,099 28,828 33,493 34,081 35,226 2.7% 88.0%
Kazakhstan 33,147 28,638 31,392 30,370 31,913 2.5% 90.5%
Mongolia 4,157 7,114 16,723 23,687 22,063 1.7% 92.2%
Vietnam 19,355 24,992 19,876 17,872 19,203 1.5% 93.7%
China 57,501 22,893 24,658 24,989 13,775 1.1% 94.8%
North Korea 2,626 3,002 4,638 11,178 12,011 0.9% 95.7%
Ukraine 5,802 6,212 7,660 8,978 7,443 0.6% 96.3%
Czech Republic 8,454 8,255 8,203 7,947 6,903 0.5% 96.9%
Philippines 893 1,994 4,099 2,736 3,173 0.2% 97.1%
Mozambique 28 28 28 581 3,095 0.2% 97.3%
Venezuela 4,729 2,957 2,457 2,071 2,836 0.2% 97.6%
World 968,308 947,508 1,099,359 1,167,295 1,282,670

Thermal coal versus metallurgical coal

Thermal coal (also known as steam coal) is the type of coal used in coal-fired power plants. Metallurgical coal (also known as met coal or coking coal) is the type of coal used in the production of steel. As shown in Table 3, Indonesia dominates the thermal coal trade. This is despite the fact that Indonesia's proven coal reserves (defined by British Petroleum as amounts that "can be removed in the future from known deposits under existing economic and operating conditions") of 5.5 billion metric tons are relatively modest, accounting for only 0.6 percent of the world total.[3]

Table 3: Coal Exports in 2012 for Leading Exporters by Type of Coal
(million metric tons)[4]
Country Thermal coal Metallurgical coal Total
Indonesia 380 3 383
Australia 159 142 301
Russia 116 18 134
United States 51 63 114
Colombia 82 0 82
South Africa 74 0 74
Canada 4 31 35

Australia

Overview

Table 4: Australia export expansion proposals
Project Sponsor Capacity
(millions tonnes per annum) 		Status
Balaclava Island Coal Terminal Xstrata Coal Queensland 20
Wiggins Island Coal Terminal Wiggins Island Coal Export Terminal Pty Ltd (consortium) 27
Hunter Ports Hunter Ports 65 - 90

Project background

  • Balaclava Island Coal Terminal is a proposed new export coal terminal which is currently being investigated by Xstrata Coal Queensland, a wholly owned subsidiary of Xstrata Coal. Balaclava Island is located approximately 40 kilometres north of Gladstone. In July 2008 Xstrata Coal announced that it would undertake a pre-feasibility study for a coal export port for up to 20 million tonnes of coal per annum.[5]
  • Wiggins Island Coal Terminal is a coal export terminal for the port of Gladstone which has been proposed by Wiggins Island Coal Export Terminal Pty Ltd, a consortium of 16 coal companies. At the end of September 2010 the consortium announced that eight coal companies had made commitments to export 27 million tonnes of coal which would be sufficient to enable the funding of the first stage of the terminal. The consortium stated that it expected that financing the proposal would be completed early in 2011 and shipments commence in 2014.[6]
  • Hunter Ports is currently developing a $2.5 billion coal terminal on the former BHP Steel site on the Hunter River in Newcastle, Australia.[7] The port would ship this coal to Asian markets.[8] The planned Hunter Ports terminal is subject to state government approval to use the proposed site, may start exports from 2015. Existing coal mines and projects in and around the Hunter Valley, where Rio Tinto Group and Xstrata Plc own mines, would support additional annual exports of 65 million to 90 million tons of coal “if there is the infrastructure".[8]


Colombia

Colombia is the world's tenth largest producer of hard coals and the sixth largest exporter of coal. In 2006 it was estimated that Colombia would mine 64 million tonnes of thermal coal, of which approximately 60 million tonnes was for the international export trade.[9] The U.S. Geological Survey states that Colombia is the largest coal producer in South America and has the largest reserves in the region. It also states that coal mining for export is booming in Colombia, with production having increased by 80% since 1999.[10][10]

The majority of Colombia's coal exports are shipped to European markets due to shorter distances and lower freight costs compared to the rapidly growing Asian markets. Colombia is considered to be a low-cost producer with its coal highly sought after due to its low sulfur content.[11]

The following corporations are responsible for the bulk of Colombia's exports:[12]

  • Drummond 47%
  • Anglo American 16%
  • BHP Billiton 16%
  • Xstrata 16%
  • Other 5%

Indonesia

ABARE, the Australian government's resources agency, reports that 2006 Indonesia exported 170 million tonnes of thermal coal and estimated that this would grow to 186 million tonnes in 2007 and 201 million tonnes in 2008.[13]

In an earlier review on the global coal trade, ABARE analyst Alan Copeland noted that thermal coal exports from Indonesia were estimated to have grown by approximately 33% in each of 2004, 2005 and 2006. "The growth in Indonesia’s exports reflects the ability of its coal industry to respond to the rapid growth in Asian demand for thermal coal, supported by unconstrained transport and port capacity. A significant proportion of coal transport in Indonesia is water based, which allows for coal to be transported along rivers via barges to the open sea for loading on to larger vessels," he wrote.[14]

However, a spin off to the dramatic rise in coal demand is the rise of illegal mining. In September 2005 the Washington Post reported on the staggering scale of coal-laden trucks -- which are notionally banned from public roads -- going all-night from "from scores of often-illegal mines" on their way to a local port. An anonymous senior official in Indonesia's Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources raised doubt about the accuracy of the Indonesian government's official export figures. "I bet no one has current and accurate data about what is happening out there," he said.[15]

The World Coal Institute estimates that of the 107.3 million tonnes exported in 2005, 89 million tonnes was steam coal with the remainder being coking coal.[16] ABARE reports that between "1988 and 2005, thermal coal exports from Indonesia increased by an average of around 23 per cent a year."[17]

ABARE lists the main destinations for Indonesian thermal coal as being[17]:

  • Japan (approximately 25%);
  • Chinese Taipei (17%)
  • India (15%); and
  • the Republic of Korea (13%).

Copeland also notes that India imports Indonesian low-ash coal for blending with its higher-ash content domestic coals.[14]

Corporate market share of Indonesian exports

The following corporations are responsible for the bulk of Indonesia's exports:[12]

  • Bumi Resources 28%
  • Banpu 23%
  • Adaro Indonesia 18%
  • Other 31%

Kazakhstan

Mozambique

Russia

In 2009, Russia exported 12.09 million tonnes of coal to China, up 1,500% over 2008.[18] In 2010, Russia shipped 32 million tons to India, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan and China;[19] during the first half of 2010, Russia exported 6 million tonnes of coal to China, making it currently the fourth-largest coal exporter to China. Russia plans to increase annual coal exports to China to 15 million tonnes for the next five years, then increase exports to 20 million tonnes per year for the next 20 years;[18] overall, Russian officials have said they want to more than double coal exports to Asia to an annual 85 million metric tons by 2030.[20]

South Africa

South Africa has also become a major player in the global coal trade, exporting an estimated 69 million tonnes in 2006.[21] The bulk of this is exported to Germany, Spain and Japan.[22] The following corporations are responsible for the bulk of South Africa's exports:[12]

  • Anglo American 34%
  • BHP-Billiton 31%
  • Xstrata 20%
  • Other 14%

United States

See also: U.S. coal exports

In 2007, the United States exported almost 60 million tons of coal. One industry analyst estimated that the amount would rise to 80-90 million tons in 2008 and 100 million tons in 2009. Through June 2008, producers sent 40.4 million tons overseas, a 57 percent increase over the same period in 2007.[23] Total 2008 exports was 81.5 million tons.[24]

In 2009, the U.S. exported 59 million short tons, due to the 2008 global economic depression.[25][26]

The U.S. exported 81.5 million tons of coal in 2010.[27] By far, the greatest increase was exports to China, which rose from just 2,714 tons in 2009 to 2,916,710 tons in the first half of 2010.[28] U.S. coal exports increased by 4 million tons (23.4 percent) between first and second quarters of 2010 - by June 2010, U.S. coal exports were 39.7 million tons, according to the EIA.[29][30]

Coal exports from the United States are expected to jump 70 percent in 2011, due in part to increased demand in Asia-Pacific.[31] Analysts say total U.S. coal exports could amount to 100 million short tons in 2011, leaving only Australia and Indonesia above it in the world export rankings, and putting it above Russia, Colombia and South Africa.[27]

In 2011 US exported 107,259 thousand short tons of coal. This was the highest level of coal exports since 1991. More impressive: exports recorded a more than 25% leap compared to the previous year, 2010.[32]

Main export terminals

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, seaports in the Gulf Coast and East Coast account for most U.S. coal exports, with six seaports accounting for 94% of U.S. coal exports in 2010, up from 63% in 2000. The seaport at Norfolk, Virginia has consistently remained the largest export facility, making up one-third to one-half of U.S. coal exports since 2000. The next largest export terminal (at its peak) was Detroit, Michigan, which in 2006 accounted for 28% of U.S. exports, although coal exports have fallen more than 90% from a peak of over 16 million tons in 2008. Combined annual exports from Norfolk, Virginia and Baltimore, Maryland increased 18 million tons from 2000 to 2010. The EIA also said that "coal exports from Seattle, Washington have also risen sharply in recent years as significant coal production in the Powder River Basin seeks access to growing Asian coal markets."[33]

Northwest ports to be used to export Powder River Basin coal to Asian markets

For more information on the proposed port developments in the western United States please visit the Coal exports from northwest United States ports article.

Proposed Millennium Bulk Logistics Longview Terminal

In September 2010 Peabody Energy announced that "Coal's best days are ahead." Peabody stated that exports of coal from the Powder River Basin in Montana and Wyoming will be central to its expansion goals. The Oregonian in September 2010 reported that Northwest ports, and in particular ports in Portland, Oregon, may be used in the future to export coal to Asia. The Port of Portland said it doesn't have the space for coal exports in the short-term, but its consultants cited coal as a potential long-term market if it adds terminals on West Hayden Island.

Proposed Northwest Coal Export Locations.

In early November 2010 Australia-based Ambre Energy asked Cowlitz County officials in southern Washington State, which borders Oregon, to approve a port redevelopment that would allow for the export of 5 million tons of coal annually. On November 23 Cowlitz County officials approved the permit for the port redevelopment, which is to be located at the private Chinook Ventures port in Longview, Washington. Coal terminals also are proposed at two other sites along the Columbia River.[34]

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Environmentalists stated that they would oppose any such actions, arguing that coal contributes to pollution and global warming.[35] Early discussion of how many jobs the port would produce was roughly twenty total.[36]

In November 2010 Powder River Basin coal producer Cloud Peak Energy CEO Colin Marshall stated that a coal port on the West Coast was "absolutely more than a pipedream."

Other Powder River Basin producers, including top US coal miner Peabody Energy, have talked about the potential for a new export facility on the West Coast, with Oregon and Washington being mentioned as the top locations of choice.[37]

Groups including the Sierra Club and Columbia Riverkeeper have vowed to stop the industry's expansion into Asia, a market currently dominated by coal from Australia and Indonesia.[38]

Proposed Terminal: Gateway Pacific Terminal

The Gateway Pacific Terminal is a proposed terminal at Cherry Point near Ferndale, Washington, and would have a maximum capacity of about 54 million tons. On February 28, 2011, SSA Marine applied for state and federal permits for the $500 million terminal, triggering formal environmental review. If approved, the terminal would begin construction in early 2013 and operations in 2015.[39]

On March 1, 2011, Seattle-based SSA Marine announced it had entered into an agreement with St. Louis-based Peabody Energy to export up to 24 million metric tons of coal per year through the Gateway Pacific Terminal. Goldman Sachs owns a portion of SSA Marine's parent company. According to Peabody, the terminal in Whatcom County would serve as the West Coast hub for exporting Peabody's coal from the Powder River Basin of Wyoming and Montana to Asian markets. The project would ramp up potential U.S. coal exports to Asia from Washington state. Another coal export terminal proposed in Longview, the Millennium Bulk Logistics Longview Terminal in southwest Washington, has drawn environmental opposition. That Millennium Bulk Logistics terminal would be a joint venture between Australia-based Ambre Energy and Arch Coal.[40]

Environmental groups have appealed to Washington's Shoreline Hearings Board over a permit awarded for the port by Cowlitz County commissioners.[40]

According to Gateway Pacific Terminal's website the company plans on providing a "highly efficient portal for American producers to export dry bulk commodities such as grain, potash and coal to Asian markets." Additionally, the site contends that the "Gateway project will generate about 4,000 jobs and about $54 million a year in tax revenue for state and local services. Once in full operation, it's estimated that Gateway will provide almost $10 million a year in tax revenue, create about 280 permanent family-wage jobs directly, and nearly 1,400 additional jobs through terminal purchases and employee spending."[41]

During the week of June 6-10, 2011 SSA Marine filed a permit application the proposed Gateway Pacific Terminal. The application read:

"The applications submitted herein will cover the difference in scope between that approved project and our full buildout plan."

The earlier permit was noted in the application was approved by the Whatcom County Council in 1997. At that time, it envisioned a 180-acre development that would handle 8.2 million tons of cargoes per year, including petroleum coke (produced by local refineries) iron ore, sulfur, potash and wood chips. Coal was not mentioned an an export commodity in the earlier permit.[42]

Later in June 2011, Whatcom County officials announced that SSA must apply for a new permit for its proposed Gateway Terminal.[43]

Seward Coal Terminal, Alaska

The Seward Coal Loading Facility, referred to as the Seward Coal Terminal, was built in 1984 to provide for the export of coal from Usibelli Coal Mine. The facility consists of a railroad spur, a variety of coal storage and handling and loading equipment, as well as a large dock. The Alaska Railroad purchased the facility in 2003 and has performed a variety of upgrades including an ongoing expansion of the coal storage areas in anticipation of increased coal exports from Alaska.[44]

Railroad company looks at Port of Grays Harbor in Washington State for coal exports

It was reported in July 2011 that a railroad was looking at a Port of Grays Harbor terminal in Hoquiam, Washington for a terminal to ship coal to China. RailAmerica Vice Predident Gary Lewis told The Daily World of Aberdeen the idea would require further study and the project is several years from being completed.

RailAmerica owns the Puget Sound and Pacific Railroad that serves Grays Harbor. The port's potential coal export terminal, located on a former log yard, could bring another 75 ship calls a year to Grays Harbor.[45]

In August 2011 it was announced that RailAmerica was canceling its plan for a coal storage and export facility at the port's Terminal 3. The company said they believed there are other uses for the terminal that are more likely to generate jobs, tax revenues and business for the port and for the company, said Gary Lewis. As such plans to export coal from Grays Harbor were cancelled.[46]

Coal export studies

Resources

References

  1. ↑ "International Energy Statistics: Coal Exports," U.S. Energy Information Administration, accessed 2014.
  2. ↑ "International Energy Statistics: Coal Exports," U.S. Energy Information Administration, accessed 2014.
  3. ↑ "Statistical Review of World Energy 2013," British Petroleum, 2014
  4. ↑ "Coal Statistics," World Coal Association, accessed 2014.
  5. ↑ Xstrta Coal, "Xstrata Coal commits to Port Alma pre-feasibility study", Media Release, July 2008.
  6. ↑ "Wiggins Island Coal Export Terminal achieves major milestone", Media Release, September 30, 2010.
  7. ↑ "About" Hunter Ports, accessed November 29, 2011.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Tinkler Proposes Competing A$2.5 Billion NSW Coal Terminal" Elisabeth Behrmann, Bloomberg, November 29, 2011.
  9. ↑ World Coal Institute, "Coal Facts 2007", World Coal Institute website, accessed June 2008.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Ivette E. Torres, "The Mineral Industry of Colombia", U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, December 2007.
  11. ↑ ABARE, "Energy:Thermal coal", Australian Commodities, June quarter 2006.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Dave Murray, "BHP Billiton Coal CSG Anlayst Visit: Hunter Valley Energy Coal", BHP Billiton, November 2nd, 2007.
  13. ↑ Alan Copeland and Rohan Kendall, "Thermal Coal", Australian Commodities, ABARE, December Quarter 2007.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Alan Copeland, "Thermal Coal", Australian Commodities, ABARE, September Quarter 2007.
  15. ↑ Alan Sipress, "Indonesia's Illegal Coal Mines Feed China: Demand Transforms Island Nation's Lightly Regulated South Kalimantan Province", Washington Post, September 21, 2005; Page D06.
  16. ↑ World Coal Institute, "Indonesia", World Coal Institute website, accessed June 2008.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 ABARE, "Energy:Thermal coal", Australian Commodities, June quarter 2006.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Luke Burgess, "Russia Inks $6 Billion Deal with China to Supply 475 Million Tonnes of Coal" Energy & Capital, Sep. 10, 2010.
  19. ↑ Ilya Arkhipov and Yuliya Fedorinova, "Russia Plans to More Than Double Coal Exports to Asia by 2030" Bloomberg, Jan. 24, 2012.
  20. ↑ Ilya Arkhipov and Yuliya Fedorinova, "Russia Plans to More Than Double Coal Exports to Asia by 2030" Bloomberg, Jan. 24, 2012.
  21. ↑ World Coal Institute, "Coal Facts 2007", World Coal Institute website, accessed June 2008.
  22. ↑ Energy Information Administration, South Africa: Coal", Energy Information Administration website, accessed June 2008.
  23. ↑ Lee Buchsbaum, "New coal economics," EnergyBiz Insider, December 24, 2008
  24. ↑ "U.S. Coal Summary Statistics, 2004-2010" EIA, released Oct. 2010.
  25. ↑ "U.S. Coal Summary Statistics, 2004-2010" EIA, released Oct. 2010.
  26. ↑ "National Mining Association, International Coal Review" NMA, March 2010.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Bruce Nichols and Jackie Cowhig, "Analysis: U.S. to Be a Top Coal Exporter Again, Thanks to Asia" Reuters, May 15, 2011.
  28. ↑ "U.S. Coal Exports" EIA, June 2010.
  29. ↑ Dustin Bleizeffer, "Rebound: 2010 showed modest recovery for coal" K2 Technologies, January 5, 2011.
  30. ↑ "U.S. Coal Summary Statistics, 2004-2010" EIA, released Oct. 2010.
  31. ↑ "U.S. coal exports to Asia could jump 70 pct in 2011 - Xcoal" Reuters, April 12, 2011.
  32. ↑ "US Coal Exports at Highest Level in Twenty Years" Gregor MacDonald, Business Leader, April 9, 2012.
  33. ↑ "Six seaports account for 94% of U.S. coal exports, which are dominated by coking coal" EIA, Nov. 8, 2011.
  34. ↑ "Cowlitz County approves permits to export coal to Asia from port in Longview, Wash." Scott Lean, The Oregonian, November 23, 2010.
  35. ↑ "Mining companies aim to export coal to China through Northwest ports" Scott Learn, Oregonian, September 8, 2010.
  36. ↑ "Strategic withdrawal for Longview coal exporter" Joel Connelly, Seattle Post Intelligencer, March 15, 2011.
  37. ↑ "'When rather than if' for new West Coast coal port" Liezal Hall, MiningWeekly.com, November 12, 2010.
  38. ↑ "Coal Industry Seeks to Export Through Wash. State" Matthew Brown & Phuonge Le, Associated Press, November 16, 2010.
  39. ↑ John Stark, "Gateway Pacific terminal at Cherry Point starts permit process" The Seattle Times, March 1, 2011.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Bulk cargo terminal planned in Washington state" Seattle Times, March 1, 2011.
  41. ↑ "Gateway Pacific Terminal Overview" Gateway Pacific Terminal website, accessed April 19, 2011.
  42. ↑ "Gateway Pacific permit application now available online" John Stark, The Bellingham Herald, June 14, 2011.
  43. ↑ "Whatcom County: Gateway Pacific cargo terminal needs new permit" Jared Paben, The Bellingham Herald, June 23, 2011.
  44. ↑ "Exporting Alaska's Coal" Ground Truth Trekking, accessed June 13, 2011.
  45. ↑ "Coal export terminal studied at Hoquiam" Associated Press, Seattle Times, July 29, 2011.
  46. ↑ "Rail company shelving coal export plans for Hoquiam port" Associated Press, August 14, 2012.

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External resources

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