Difference between revisions of "Nicotine manipulation"

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'''Nicotine manipulation''' refers to the ways in which nicotine, or the delivery of nicotine to the smoker, are intentionally altered. Nicotine is manipulated through various means, including genetic alteration of tobacco plants, adjustment of smoke pH (for example using [[Freebase nicotine|freebasing]]), manipulation of sugars in tobacco or the use of additives to enhance nicotine's effects.<ref>David Tannenbaum [http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm1998/98july-aug/smoke3-side2.html Smoking Guns II: Nicotine Manipulation] Multinational Monitor, July/August, 1998; Volume 19, Number 7 & 8</ref><ref>P. Lipiello, R.J. Reynolds [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/udx93d00 RDM89 267. Enhancement of Nicotine Binding to Nicotinic Receptors by Nicotine Levulinate and Levulinic Acid]  Scientific report. 27 pp. September 25, 1989. Bates No. 508295794/5820</ref> Goals of nicotine manipulation include enhancement of the physical motivation for smoking, bolstering the long-term use of cigarettes (addiction maintenance)<ref>U.S. Food and Drug Administration [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xzz32c00 Federal Regsiater Part II 21 CFR Part 801, ET AL.  Regulations restricting the sale and distribution of cigarettes and smokeless tobaco to protect children and adolescents, Final Rule], Published regulation, August 28, 1996. 83 pp. Philip Morris Bates No. 2072325873/5955, at PDF page #16</ref>, prevention of smoking cessation and improvement, improved ability to use poorer-quality tobaccos, and maintenance of "satisfaction of the consumer."<ref>Doug Campbell [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fkh91b00 Documents discuss nicotine levels and marketing to teens] Newspaper article. Greensboro ''News and Record''; June 28, 1998. Lorillard Bates No. 86591895/1904 at pages 3 and 4</ref><ref>R.J. Reynolds [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rlq93d00 REST Process Program, July 31, 1992 (920731). Report. 7 pp. July 31, 1992. Bates No. 508400881/0887</ref>  
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'''Nicotine manipulation''' refers to the ways in which nicotine, or the delivery of nicotine to the smoker, are intentionally altered. Nicotine is manipulated through various means, including genetic alteration of tobacco plants, adjustment of smoke pH (for example using [[Freebase nicotine|freebasing]]), manipulation of sugars in tobacco or the use of additives to enhance nicotine's effects.<ref>David Tannenbaum [http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm1998/98july-aug/smoke3-side2.html Smoking Guns II: Nicotine Manipulation] Multinational Monitor, July/August, 1998; Volume 19, Number 7 & 8</ref><ref>P. Lipiello, R.J. Reynolds [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/udx93d00 RDM89 267. Enhancement of Nicotine Binding to Nicotinic Receptors by Nicotine Levulinate and Levulinic Acid]  Scientific report. 27 pp. September 25, 1989. Bates No. 508295794/5820</ref> Goals of nicotine manipulation include enhancement of the physical motivation for smoking, bolstering the long-term use of cigarettes (addiction maintenance)<ref>U.S. Food and Drug Administration [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xzz32c00 Federal Regsiater Part II 21 CFR Part 801, ET AL.  Regulations restricting the sale and distribution of cigarettes and smokeless tobaco to protect children and adolescents, Final Rule], Published regulation, August 28, 1996. 83 pp. Philip Morris Bates No. 2072325873/5955, at PDF page #16</ref>, prevention of smoking cessation, improved ability to use poorer-quality tobaccos, and maintenance of "satisfaction of the consumer."<ref>Doug Campbell [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fkh91b00 Documents discuss nicotine levels and marketing to teens] Newspaper article. Greensboro ''News and Record''; June 28, 1998. Lorillard Bates No. 86591895/1904 at pages 3 and 4</ref><ref>R.J. Reynolds [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rlq93d00 REST Process Program, July 31, 1992 (920731). Report. 7 pp. July 31, 1992. Bates No. 508400881/0887</ref>  
  
 
==Use of diammonium phosphate to manipulate nicotine impact==
 
==Use of diammonium phosphate to manipulate nicotine impact==

Revision as of 20:42, 4 February 2009

{{#badges:Tobaccowiki}} Nicotine manipulation refers to the ways in which nicotine, or the delivery of nicotine to the smoker, are intentionally altered. Nicotine is manipulated through various means, including genetic alteration of tobacco plants, adjustment of smoke pH (for example using freebasing), manipulation of sugars in tobacco or the use of additives to enhance nicotine's effects.[1][2] Goals of nicotine manipulation include enhancement of the physical motivation for smoking, bolstering the long-term use of cigarettes (addiction maintenance)[3], prevention of smoking cessation, improved ability to use poorer-quality tobaccos, and maintenance of "satisfaction of the consumer."[4][5]

Use of diammonium phosphate to manipulate nicotine impact

Philip Morris was the first to discover that the application of diammonium phosphate (DAP) on tobacco gave the smoker a more rapid impact from the drug after lighting up. According to a British American Tobacco (DAP) document, the history the use of DAP "trac[es] back to the early 1960's, at which point in time diammonium phosphate was first patented by Philip Morris (1) for its ability to release pectin during [tobacco] sheet formation and thus provide a natural binder capable of holding the cast sheet together." The use of DAP led to the accidental discovery that the chemical favorably altered smoke taste and flavor. Subsequently, Philip Morris devoted much effort to optimizing this discovery.

By the mid-1970s, Philip Morris had started using its new nicotine-enhancing technology on its Marlboro and Merit brands, and saw a resulting increase in sales which drew the attention of competing cigarette manufacturers.

Philip Morris, BAT and R.J. Reynolds soon found that when applied to certain types of strong, harsh tobaccos, the application of DAP toned down harshness in the tobacco and led to higher-than-expected nicotine impact due to improved nicotine transfer into smoke, and greater proportions of nicotine in freebase (or "extractable") form. [6]


R.J. Reynolds' "REST Process"

Around 1990, R.J. Reynolds developed the "REST Process," a chemical method for manipulating the amount of nicotine in tobacco.

REST is an acronym that stands for "Reestablishment (or 'Restoration') of Solubles within Tobacco." The process apparently rose out of RJR's "Controlled Nicotine Project." The goal of the Controlled Nicotine Project was to create a low-cost way to improve tobacco while providing tobaccos with specific nicotine levels. RJR scientist Barry Smith Fagg worked on the overall project, called the "REST Controlled Nicotine Project."

The REST Process allowed RJR to "engineer processes to meet business objectives" by using lower-cost tobaccos and providing product consistency while manipulating nicotine delivery to the smoker's body. The REST Process allowed separate chemical manipulation of both solubles and insolubles within tobacco.

Another stated goal of RJR's Controlled Nicotine Project, was "To develop a viable process for the total control of nicotine in product, in conjunction with the 'REST' process, without affecting smoking performance other than attributes connected to nicotine." Basic development and process specifications were planned to be completed by the end of 1991.

An RJR report abut the project states the goal of the Controlled Nicotine Process:

We are basically in the nicotine business. It is in the best long term interest for RJR to be able to control and effectively utilize every pound of nicotine we purchase. Effective control of nicotine in our products should equate to a significant product performance and cost advantage.[7]

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British American Tobacco and "ROOT Technology"

British American Tobacco (BAT) developed a process it called "ROOT Technology" to manipulate nicotine. ROOT technology was apparently the same, or similar to the technique most major cigarette manufacturers eventually adopted: applying diammonium phosphate, or freebasing nicotine through the addition of ammonia.

Notes from a British American Tobacco (BAT) company scientist (D. Irwin) written in March, 1993 discuss "ROOT Technology," a BAT term for enhancing nicotine delivery to smokers by adding ammonia-based compounds to tobacco, the same technique used in freebasing nicotine. Irwin states, "Ammonia increases impact because it increases smoke pH which enhances impact."




Sourcewatch resources

References

  1. ↑ David Tannenbaum Smoking Guns II: Nicotine Manipulation Multinational Monitor, July/August, 1998; Volume 19, Number 7 & 8
  2. ↑ P. Lipiello, R.J. Reynolds RDM89 267. Enhancement of Nicotine Binding to Nicotinic Receptors by Nicotine Levulinate and Levulinic Acid Scientific report. 27 pp. September 25, 1989. Bates No. 508295794/5820
  3. ↑ U.S. Food and Drug Administration Federal Regsiater Part II 21 CFR Part 801, ET AL. Regulations restricting the sale and distribution of cigarettes and smokeless tobaco to protect children and adolescents, Final Rule, Published regulation, August 28, 1996. 83 pp. Philip Morris Bates No. 2072325873/5955, at PDF page #16
  4. ↑ Doug Campbell Documents discuss nicotine levels and marketing to teens Newspaper article. Greensboro News and Record; June 28, 1998. Lorillard Bates No. 86591895/1904 at pages 3 and 4
  5. ↑ R.J. Reynolds [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rlq93d00 REST Process Program, July 31, 1992 (920731). Report. 7 pp. July 31, 1992. Bates No. 508400881/0887
  6. ↑ M.Coleman, British American Tobacco Report on Root technology Report. 47 pp. November 26, 1991. Bates No. 402444072/4118
  7. ↑ R.J. Reynolds [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rlq93d00 REST Process Program, July 31, 1992 (920731). Report. 7 pp. July 31, 1992. Bates No. 508400881/0887

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