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'''Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service''' is the United States Federal government's chief health officer and public health advocate.  The U.S. Surgeon General's office disseminates information on how to reduce illness and injury has found since 1964 that tobacco use causes disease in humans.

= Description =

Past Surgeons General of the United States Public Health Service include
*[[Leroy E. Burney]], M.D. under Eisenhower in 1957  
*[[Luther L. Terry]], M.D. was Surgeon General under Kennedy/Johnson  from 1961 to 1965. 
*[[William H. Stewart]], M.D. was Surgeon General under Johnson from 1965 to 1969.  
*[[Jesse L. Steinfeld]], M.D. was Surgeon General under Nixon (1969-1973).  
*[[S. Paul Ehrlich]], M.D. was Surgeon General under Nixon/Ford.  
*[[Julius Richmond]], M.D. was Surgeon General in 1977-81, under Carter. 
*[[C. Everett Koop]], M.D. was Surgeon General under Reagan from 1981 to 1989.  
*[[Antonia C. Novello]], M.D. was Surgeon General under Bush from 1990 to 1993.  
*[[M. Joycelyn S. Elders]] M.D. was Surgeon General from 1993-1994, under Clinton. 
*[[David Satcher]], M.D. was Surgeon General from 1998-2002
*[[Richard H. Carmona]], M.D. served in the office from 2002-2006
*Since August 2006, the acting Surgeon General has been Rear Admiral Kenneth P. Moritsugu. 

On January 11, 1964 Surgeon General Luther Terry issued the first federal government report to formally declare that smoking causes disease. 

The 1964 Surgeon General's report concluded, however, that "The habitual use of tobacco is related primarily to psychological and social drives, reinforced and perpetuated by the pharmacological actions of nicotine on the central nervous system.  Nicotine-free tobacco or other plant materials do not satisfy the needs of those who acquire the tobacco habit. . . . The Tobacco habit should be characterized as an habituation rather than an addiction"(Tobacco Control 1992).  

Members of the Surgeon General's advisory committee on smoking and health from 1961 to 1964 were: 
*[[Stanhope Bayne-Jones]] M.D., LL.D., former Dean of Yale School of Medicine; 
*[[Walter J. Burdette]] M.D., Ph.D., Head of Department of Surgery, 
*[[University of Utah School of Medicine]]; 
*William G. Cochran, M.A., Professor of Statistics, [[Harvard University]]; 
*[[Emmanuel Farber]] M.D. Ph.D., Chairman, Department of Pathology, [[University of Pittsburgh]]; 
*Louis F. Feiser Ph. D., Professor of Organic Chemistry, Harvard University;
* [[Jacob Furth]] M.D., Professor of Pathology, [[Columbia University]]; 
*John B. Hickman M.D., Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, [[University of Indiana]]; 
*[[Charles LeMaistre]] M.D., Professor of Internal Medicine, the [[University of Texas Southwestern Medical School]]; 
*[[Leonard M. Schuman]] M.D., Professor of Epidemiology, [[University of Minnesota]] School of Public Health; 
*Maurice H. Seevers M.D. Ph.D., Chairman, Department of Pharmacology, [[University of Michigan]] (E. Whelan 1984).

==Tobacco industry attacks on the office of the Surgeon General==

In a 1982 [[R.J. Reynolds]] memo, RJR's' Vice President of Government Relations, [[W. Eugene Ainsworth]], describes how the company could deal with the damage being done to the [[Tobacco industry|cigarette industry]] by the annual U.S. Surgeon General's reports on the health consequences of smoking, suggesting that it was possible to eliminate the reports entirely by sneaking an amendment to do just that into an omnibus legislative bill.<ref>W.E. Ainsworth, Jr., R.J. Reynolds [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/aza05d00 Surgeon General's Report] Letter. February 26, 1982. Bates No. 506062870</ref>

An undated memo written by [[Horace R. Kornegay]] of the [[Tobacco Institute]]  shows that the industry thought it was a valuable idea. Kornegay wrote up the rationale for eliminating the requirement that the U.S. Surgeon General issue annual reports on the health consequences of smoking:

<blockquote>There are no public benefits from annual reports that essentially duplicate previous reports. To the contrary, repetitive statements based on previously reported information tend to mislead the public about the state of knowledge concerning smoking and health issues... Antismoking advocates have come increasingly in recent years to seize on the annual report of the Surgeon General for propaganda purposes, which obscures the purpose of the reports --which is to provide in a scientifically accurate and dispassionate manner information with regard to smoking and health. As a result, public confidence in the reliability of government health information programs has been undermined, the Office of the Surgeon General has been diverted from its mission of health promotion and disease prevention, and tax revenues have been wasted.<ref>Tobacco Institute [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vnq92f00 Summary of Review Request] Undated report. Bates No. TIMN0088765</ref></blockquote>

Tobacco industry attacks on the Office of the Surgeon General continued in later years as well. A 2-page report describes a 1997 legislative attempt by industry political ally Rep. [[Henry Bonilla]] (R-TX, defeated in the Nov. 7, 2006 election) to de-fund the Surgeon General's Office completely: <ref>Author unknown [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gnq72c00 1997 undated report] Found in the area of [[John Hoel]] of PM. 2 pp. Philip Morris. Bates No.078370721/0722</ref>   A transcript from a February 11, 1997 meeting of the [[Department of Health and Human Services]] (DHHS) Congressional Subcommittee on Appropriations shows Rep. Bonilla pressing for the complete termination of the Office of the Surgeon General.  Bonilla told the head of DHHS that "The Office of the Surgeon General is unnecessary. Moneys used to fund it could otherwise be used for CDC health treatment efforts ... Why not eliminate it, like the private sector would?" <ref>Oldaker [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/sfj62c00 1998 Health and Human Services Budget Hearing House Appropriations. Subcommittee on Labor/HHS Secretary Donna E. Shalala February 11,1997] Report. 2 pp. February 11, 1997. Bates No. 2077170914/0915</ref>

==Tobacco industry efforts to counteract reports of the Surgeon General==

A 1981 internal [[Philip Morris]] (PM) memo marked "PERSONAL & CONFIDENTIAL" discusses how PM and the [[tobacco industry]] should react to the publication of the 1981 U.S. Surgeon General's report entitled ''The Health Consequences of Smoking: The Changing Cigarette''. The memo was written by [[Robert B. Seligman]], Vice President of Research and Development for PM at the time, and was sent to PM's president, another Vice President, Assistant General Counsel and several high-level PM scientists.  In the memo, Seligman states the need for the tobacco industry to begin supporting and publishing studies that would "reverse the ground swell of public opinion which has emerged as a result of antismoking activity." 

Seligman says,

<blockquote>... It is our opinion that Philip Morris (or the tobacco industry) take a more aggressive posture to counterattack the antismoking movement.  We're suggesting funding studies (primarily outside the United States) with the intent to publish data which refutes specific assertions by the antismoking forces...."</blockquote>

Seligman also suggests PM study the action of nicotine in the human body and use the findings to enhance their products.  As Seligman put it, PM should "Explore and define the action of nicotine in the human, and if possible, optimize products utilizing this knowledge..."  Exactly why, in the midst of a memo primarily about battling smoking and health issues, Seligman brought up the need to optimize the effects of nicotine in the human body is not explained.

Seligman further suggested that studies should be done to counter the existing studies on smoking and health and that they should be "controlled and sponsored by Philip Morris ... to deal with domestic and international problems affecting the Corporation and its products." He also suggests "many of the studies would be directed to overseas laboratories."

Seligman states that the industry's "Response must be global in concept because adverse reports from any country immediately have worldwide impact..."

Several times in the memo Selgiman acknowledges that "despite the fact that there are potential legal risks in directly supporting and publishing [such] studies" nevertheless the industry "must enter this arena."  He refers to the industry's current situation as "trying to do battle without armament."<ref>Robert B. Seligman, Philip Morris [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jyt53e00 Surgeon General's Keport - Response (sic)] Memorandum/outline. February 12, 1981. 6 pp. Bates No. 1003658637/8642</ref> 

In [[Operation Downunder]], a 1987 Philip Morris internal operation to deal with the growing issue of [[secondhand smoke]], two ideas on a brainstorming list included undermining the Surgeon General (at the time [[C. Everett Koop]]), and helping select the next Surgeon General.

==Sourcewatch resources==
*[[Operation Downunder]]

==External resources==
* Web site of the Office of the Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/

==References==
<references/>

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