View source for S. Fred Singer

{{Show badges| CoalSwarm |tobaccowiki|AEX}}

'''Siegfried Frederick Singer''' (S. Fred Singer), born {{Birth year and age|1924|9}}, a former space scientist and government scientific administrator, runs the [[Science and Environmental Policy Project]] (SEPP)<ref>Science & Environmental Policy Project along with his wife [[Candace Crandwall]].  [http://www.sepp.org/ Web site], ''About the Project'', accessed April 8, 2009</ref> This phantom organisation publicizes his own views on various topics, primarily [[climate change]], ozone depletion, risks of chemical pollution (from [[DDT]] and others), [[nuclear power]], and space policy.

SEPP was set up by [[APCO & Associates]] (the PR firm controlled by [[Philip Morris]]) at the same time they set up another junk-science operation for the tobacco industry, [[Steven J Milloy]]'s [[The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition]] (TASSC).  These were two arms of the same strategy to denigrate science itself -- and enlist other industries like oil, energy, coal, chemicals, etc behind the tort-reform and anti-regulatory stance necessary for the cigarette business to survive at the same high profit level.

Singer was the front of the organisation, but it also involved his wife [[Candace Crandall]] and her brother [[Robert Crandall]] (Brookings Institution).

{{Template:AntiEnvironmentalArchives}}

==Fred Singer as a "Merchant of Doubt," Threatening Director of "Merchants of Doubt" (2015)==
On March 6, 2015, Fred Singer sent a letter to Robert Kenner, the director of the documentary film, "Merchants of Doubt," threatening potential legal action against the film, which is based on a book by the same name, according to Stanton Glantz of the UCSF Center for Tobacco Control, Research and Education.<ref>http://tobacco.ucsf.edu/climate-denier-fred-singer-complains-about-merchants-doubt (March 8, 2015)</ref>

The film and the book focus on the small number of climate change deniers who have sought in various ways to stop efforts to address the causes of climate changes that are underway according to the overwhelming majority of scientists across the globe. In the letter, Singer noted that he previously sued Justin Lancaster for libel in a "costly" suit (which was settled by Lancaster, who recently stated that settling with Singer is one of his greatest regrets and that "Fred Singer is the most unethical scientist, in my opinion, that I have ever met."<ref>http://rabett.blogspot.fi/2014/09/a-note-about-roger-revelle-julian.html</ref> Lancaster said his family felt terrorized by Singer's suit, despite the evidence and sworn statements Lancaster had in his defense.
  
According to a detailed story in ClimateWire by Evan Lehman about Singer's more recent threats: 
"Before the release this Friday of the documentary "Merchants of Doubt," S. Fred Singer sought the advice of nearly 30 climate skeptics about their chances of halting the movie and whether he should sue Naomi Oreskes, who co-authored the book on which it's based.
"Has she finally gone too far?" asked Singer.
"The discussion is outlined in a chain of emails initiated last fall by the 90-year-old physicist, who is featured in the film for his work questioning the amount of influence people have on rising temperatures. His request reached a mix of academics and others who have been mostly antagonistic toward mainstream climate findings."

Lehman spoke with the film's director about the threat: "I think there's a pattern," Kenner said of Singer's letter in an interview. "It's to come after and try to silence critics and to intimidate. And when [Singer] implies litigation is very expensive, I think it's an attempt to be intimidating."<ref>Evan Lehman, ClimateWire, Environment and Energy Publishing, "'Merchants of Doubt' emails spark fiery debate about strategies of climate skeptics" (Mar. 9, 2015) [http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060014671].</ref>

The email chain has been provided by a source to the Center for Media and Democracy's SourceWatch and this document can be accessed and downloaded here: https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/File:S_Fred_Singer_emails_about_attacking_Merchants_of_Doubt_March_2015.pdf

This email chain references climate change deniers and potential allies who were part of an email chain initiated by S. Fred Singer to help assail the documentary "Merchants of Doubt," including: 

*[[S. Fred Singer]], [[Science and Environmental Policy Project]]
*[[Marc Morano]], Climate Depot
*[[Anthony Watts]], Watts Up With That blog
*[[Jon Jay Ray]], Greenie Watch blog
*[[David Evans]], Skeptical Science
*[[Joe D'Aleo]],  [[International Climate and Environmental Change Assessment Project]] (see also DeSmogBlog<ref>http://www.desmogblog.com/joseph-d-aleo</ref>)
*[[Michael Bastasch]], Daily Caller (for more about Bastasch, see Lisa Graves, PRWatch.org, "Trained on Koch, Daily Caller Claims Fake Rebuttal of CMD on ALEC Role Promoting "Stand Your Ground" Laws)<ref>https://www.prwatch.org/news/2012/06/11590/trained-koch-daily-caller-claims-fake-rebuttal-cmd-alec-role-promoting-stand-your</ref>
*[[James Delingpole]], Breitbart.com 
*[[P. Gosselin]], No Tricks Zone
*[[Russell Cook]], Gelbspan Files
*[[Willie Soon]], Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
*[[Patrick J. Michaels]], [[Charles G. Koch]] and [[David Koch]]'s [[Cato Institute]]
*[[Judith Curry]], Georgia Institute of Tech., Climate Forecast Applications Network 
*[[Roy Spencer]], University of Alabama
*[[Joe Bastardi]], Weatherbell"A Side of Climate Change Denial with Your Coffee? ALEC Dishes up Some Hard to Swallow Spin with the Heartland Institute" (Bastardi has told [[ALEC]] lawmakers that the earth is actually cooling: see Lisa Graves, PRwatch.org, <ref>https://www.prwatch.org/news/2013/08/12207/side-climate-change-denial-your-coffee-alec-dishes-some-hard-swallow-spin-heartla</ref> 
*[[Roger Pielke, Sr.]], University of Colorado, whose claims with his son [[Roger Pielke, Jr.]] have also been featured by [[ALEC]] 
*[[Timothy Ball]], Friends of Science (see also DeSmogBlog<ref>http://www.desmogblog.com/timothy-f-ball-tim-ball</ref>)
*[[Will Happer]], George C. Marshall Institute (see also DeSmogBlog<ref>http://www.desmogblog.com/william-happer</ref>
*[[Christopher Monckton]], Viscount Monckton of Brenchley, who has also been featured by [[ALEC]]
*[[Steven J. Milloy]], JunkScience blog 
*[[Joseph Bast]], [[Heartland Institute]], whose claims have also been featured at [[ALEC]] 
*[[James Taylor]], [[Heartland Institute]] (see Showtime's "Years of Living Dangerously," which notes Taylor's lack of scientific credentials<ref>https://www.prwatch.org/news/2014/05/12485/heartland-institute-climate-change-denier-james-taylor-pwnd-tv</ref>
*[[Jim Lakely]], [[Heartland Institute]]
*[[Ron Arnold]], Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise
*[[Paul Driessen]], [[CFACT]]
*[[William Briggs]], wmbriggs.com
*[[Tom Sheahen]], [[Science and Environmental Policy Project]]
*[[Steve Goddard]], Real Science blog
*[[Ken Haapala]], [[Science and Environmental Policy Project]] (see also DeSmogBlog<ref>http://www.desmogblog.com/ken-haapala</ref>
*[[Sam Kazman]], [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]]
*Mark M. Brandsdorfer, [[Science and Environmental Policy Project]] 
*[[Chris Horner]], [[Energy and Environment Legal Institute]] 
*[[David Schnare]], [[Energy and Environment Legal Institute]]
*[[John Enstrom]], Scientific Integrity Institute 

Monckton, Enstrom, and Morano replied to Singer's request, as documented in the PDF.

Morano's reply is detailed here: http://www.desmogblog.com/2015/03/10/merchants-doubt-debut-fred-singer-deniers-lawsuit

The film, Merchants of Doubt, was shown at film festivals in late 2014 and in March 2015 began showing in wider release. It documents how the tobacco playbook of peddling doubt about the deadly effects of cigarette smoking has been redeployed to sow doubts about the fact of climate changes underway, their causes, and solutions.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/06/movies/review-merchants-of-doubt-separating-science-from-spin.html</ref>


==Ties to Koch Operations==
{This section is not yet complete.} More information about the funding for Singer's SEPP is available below and also from Exxon Secrets<ref>http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=65</ref>. In recent years, SEPP has received a substantial portion of its funding from investments in publicly traded stock, although the corporations it holds stock in are not required to be disclosed in SEPP's non-profit tax filings. It also receives some grants, and although it discloses that at least two staffers, including Singer, work a total of 90 hours per week it says that SEPP does not pay their salaries.  It is not clear what, if any, sources, compensate Singer or others for SEPP-related activities advancing climate change denial.

==Documents & Timeline==
<b>1924 Sep 27:</b>  Singer was born September 27, 1924, in Vienna, Austria. 
<hr>
<b>1943:</b> Singer received a B.E.E. from Ohio State University in 1943 
<hr>
<b>1948</b> Singer got his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1948.<ref>Bill Steigerwald, Pittsburgh ''Tribune-Review''[http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/opinion/columnists/steigerwald/s_533589.html Unstoppable skeptic], October 20, 2007</ref> 
<hr>
<b>1985 Oct-Nov:</B> Singer was an ACSH Advisor and keynote speaker at [[Elizabeth Whelan]]'s <b> [[American Council of Science and Health]]</b> seminar "Environmental Risks: Priorities for the Eighties" (The ACSH was an American Chemical Council lobby).  Singer was then a visiting professor at George Mason University - and had tenure as a Professor of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia.

<blockquote>[He] assessed the current understanding and limitations of our knowledge about this issue. He also examined the downside risks of moving toward regulation before needed information is available and questioned the necessity of a billion dollar solution to a million dollar problem.</i>[http://industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/pyyl0148]</uL></blockquote><font color=green> 
:Two seminars were held in Washington DC (Oct 16) and New York (Nov 13) both funded by the [[John M Olin Foundation]].</font>
<hr>
In the early 1990s, Singer's then wife, [[Candace C. Crandall|Candace Carolyn Crandall]], was Executive Vice President of SEPP and is currently a Research Associate of SEPP.<ref>[http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hby83e00 untitled], Philip Morris, March 1991. Bates No. 2025528294/8299</ref>
<hr>

<b>1993:</b> Singer is listed as a Member of the board of the [[International Center for a Scientific Ecology]].  The ICSE was established as an offshoot of [[TASSC]] in Paris by [[Michel Salomon]], specifically to act as a front for the circulation of the [[Heidelberg Appeal]]
<hr>

<b>1994</b> He is listed as a Distinguished Research Professor, [[Institute for Humane Studies]] at [[George Mason University]], Fairfax, VA.  This libertarian think-tank was the key focus of the [[Atlas Group]] network.
<hr>
<b>1994 Aug</b> A [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] report '''"The EPA and the Science of ETS"''' has been funded by the Tobacco Institute. The author was Adjunct Scholar  [[Kent Jeffreys]], and the senior reviewer was  [[S. Fred Singer]], a Professor of Environmental Science (on leave from the University of Virginia) and  a Senior Fellow at the  Institute.  The final report was scheduled to be complete mid-June and it would be entitled '''"Science and Environmentalism"'''.
 
A confidential memo  by the president of the [[Tobacco Institute]], [[Samuel D. Chilcote, Jr.]], described how this secret tobacco-funded report was being used in legislative lobbying: <blockquote><I>This morning Reps. Peter Geren (D-TX) and John Mica (R-FL) held a press conference announcing the release of a study by the [[Alexis de Tocqueville Institution]] that evaluates the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) scientific principles used to justify policy decisions. Geren and Mica were joined by [[Cesar Conda]], executive director of the de Tocqueville Institution and coauthors Dr. [[S. Fred Singer]] and [[Kent Jeffreys]]." [http://tobaccodocuments.org/ti/TIMN0044655-4656.html?pattern=ALEXIS+DE+TOCQUEVILLE+INSTITUTION&?pattern=ALEXIS+DE+TOCQUEVILLE+INSTITUTION#images]

"Press coverage included States News Service, Stephens Publishing and Cable Congress. Several congressional staffers also attended, copies of the Geren/Mica "Dear Colleague" letter, press release and the study are enclosed." 
[http://tobaccodocuments.org/ti/TIMN0044655-4656.html?pattern=ALEXIS+DE+TOCQUEVILLE+INSTITUTION&?pattern=ALEXIS+DE+TOCQUEVILLE+INSTITUTION#images]</i></blockquote>

This report is part of a larger coordinated effort to blindside the EPA. A "panel of experts" was assembled to "peer-review" the report. Naturally the majority were people with identified links to tobacco-funded institutes and think tanks, and some who share the same small set of funders.

'''Academic Advisory Board:'''
* Dr. [[Gary M. Anderson|Gary Anderson]], Professor of '''Economics''', California State University-Northridge
* Dr. [[Nancy Bord]] Visiting Scholar The [[Hoover Institution]] Stanford University
* Dr. [[Gordon L. Brady]] Associate Professor and Director Environmental Studies Sweet Briar College
* Dr. [[Jeff Ray Clark|Jeffrey Clark]] Professor of '''Economics''' University of Tennessee-Chattanoogna
* Dr. [[Michael Darby]] Professor of '''Economics''' and Director [[John M. Olin Center for Policy]] University of California, Los Angeles
* Dr. [[Robert Ekelund]] Lowder Eminent Scholar Auburn University
* Dr. [[Michael Gough]] Project Director Congressional Office of Technology Assessment
* Dr. [[William Hazeltine]] Environmental Consultant
* Dr. [[Thomas Hopkins]] Gosnell Professor of '''Economics''' Rochester Institute of Technology
* Dr. [[Dwight R. Lee]] Ramsey Professor of '''Economics''' University of Georgia
* Dr. [[Michael Marlow]], Professor of '''Economics''', California State Polytechnic University-San Luis Obispo
* Dr. [[Thomas Gale Moore]] Senior Fellow The Hoover Institution Stanford University
* Dr. [[Malcolm Ross]] Research Mineralogist U.S. Geological Survey
* Dr. [[S. Fred Singer]] Professor Emeritus of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia and President [[Science and Environmental Policy Project]]
* Dr. [[Gerhard Stohrer|Gerhard Stöhrer]] Director of Chemical Risk Program Science and Environmental Policy Project and former Department Head Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research
* Dr. [[Mark Thornton]] Professor of '''Economics''' Auburn University
* Dr. [[Robert D. Tollison]] Duncan Black Professor of '''Economics''' and Director [[Center for the Study of Public Choice]] [[George Mason University]]
* Dr. [[Richard Vedder]] Professor of '''Economics''' University of Ohio
* Dr. [[Richard E. Wagner|Richard Wagner]] Professor of '''Economics''' and Chairman Department of '''Economics''' [[George Mason University]]

'''Senior Staff and Contributing Associates'''<br>
[[Rachael Applegate]], &nbsp; [[Bruce Bartlett]], &nbsp; [[Merrick Carey]], &nbsp; [[Cesar Conda]], &nbsp; [[Gregory Fossedal]], &nbsp; [[Dave Juday]], &nbsp; [[Felix Rouse]], &nbsp; [[Aaron Stevens]] 

Ten of the 19 names of the Academic Advisory Board are members of the [[Cash for Comments Economists Network]].  At this time [[S. Fred Singer]] was a Senior Fellow at the Alexis de Tocqueville Institute, but they chose not to credit him with such close links.

These attempt to link the tobacco industry's problems to arguments about climate change were part funded by the [[Olin Foundation]],  [[Koch Family Foundations]] and [[Scaife Foundations]]. 
 
* 20 page Draft document sent to the Tobacco Institute [http://industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/nycb0047]
* The  release about the final report (August 11 1994)  It is now an attack on "environmental regulation" -- ETS, radon, pesticides and agricultural regulation, and the Superfund toxic waste cleanup program ... and based, supposedly, on the quality of the science used by the EPA. [https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/jmjc0037]
* The final report was called ''Science, Economics, and Environmental Policy: A Critical Examination.''' It had the approval of the [[Cash for Comments Economists Network]].  [http://industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/fpgg0124]
<hr>
<b>1989</b> Singer's  [[Science and Environmental Policy Project]], was, incorporated in 1992, "to advance environment and health policies through sound science."  SEPP is a non-profit, education organization.
<hr>
<b>1992</b> Singer became the Director and President, [[Science and Environmental Policy Project]], a foundation-funded, independent research group, incorporated in 1992, to advance environment and health policies through sound science. SEPP is a non-profit, education organization.
<hr>
<b>2007=2009</b> The [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] listed Singer as "expert" on their website until September 2007.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070927174311/http://www.cei.org/dyn/view_expert.cfm?expert=20 "S. Fred Singer"], Competitive Enterprise Institute, archived from September 27, 2007.</ref> He was subsequently listed on their website as someone who can be booked as a speaker.<ref>[http://cei.org/people/s-fred-singer "S. Fred Singer"], Competitive Enterprise Institute, accessed April 2009.</ref>

<hr>

===Contact information===
Singer's current address for the Science and Environmental Policy Project is:<BR>
1600 S Eads St.<BR>
Suite 712-S<BR>
Arlington, VA 22202<BR> 
Phone: 703-920-2744<BR>
Web: http://www.sepp.org/<br>

Here are some of SEPP's prior addresses, including space provided by [[Koch]]-connected enterprises:

2101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1003<BR>
Arlington, VA 22201<br>
(This is the same building address as the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation and an array of Koch-funded groups that operate out of offices in that building.)<br>

Prior to that address, SEPP was located at:<br>
4084 University Drive<br>
Fairfax, VA (near [[George Mason University]]) <br>
(This space was shared with other Koch-funded operations such as the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation|Atlas]], the [[Institute for Humane Studies]], The [[Locke Institute]], and the [[Center for Market Processes]].)
 
===Affiliations===

*2002 Advisory Board Member, [[American Council on Science and Health]]
*Editorial Advisory Board, The [[Cato Institute]] 
*Adjunct Scholar, [[National Center for Policy Analysis]] 
*Adjunct Fellow, [[Frontiers of Freedom]] 
*2006- Member of the [http://www.nrsp.com/NRSP-SAC.html Science Advisory Committee] for the [[Natural Resources Stewardship Project]]. 
*[[Heartland Institute]] Global Warming Expert <ref>"[http://www.heartland.org/about/profileresults.html?profile=E6C81A526C6C245D20790863647051E0&directory=3B532E2483EE9165FD810C4DF38DBAEA]"</ref>


It should be noted that, according to the [[Environmental Defense Fund]], October 26, 2006<ref>[http://www.environmentaldefense.org/article.cfm?contentid=3804&CFID=21084385&CFTOKEN=29888831 "Global Warming Skeptics: A Primer: Guess who's funding the global warming doubt shops?"], Environmental Defense Fund website, December 19, 2006.</ref>

*The [[Cato Institute]] received $55,000 from [[ExxonMobil]] in 2002-2003. 
*The [[National Center for Policy Analysis]] received $105,000 from ExxonMobil in 2002-2003. 
*The Frontiers of Freedom organizations received $282,000 from ExxonMobil in 2002-2003. 
*The [[American Council on Science and Health]] received $35,000 from ExxonMobil in 2002-2003. <ref>Environmental Defense Fund Web site [http://www.edf.org/article.cfm?ContentID=4870 Global Warming Skeptics: A Primer
Guess who's funding the global warming doubt shops?] Posted on December 19, 2006; updated on August 28, 2007. Accessed April 8, 2009</ref>

===Climate Change "Expert"===
In the early 1990s, while officially "on leave" from the University of Virginia, Singer set up the [[Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy]] with the help of the [[Alexis de Tocqueville Institution]] and with funding support from the [[Unification Church]] (also known as "Moonies," followers of the Rev. Sun Myung Moon, founder of the Unification Church).   

This organization worked closely with [[Elizabeth Whelan]] and [[Frederick Stare]]'s [[American Council on Science and Health]] in countering climate activism  as it related to the chemical industry.<ref>B. Cohen, T.A. Deweese, E.A. McCusker, American Policy Center [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zxb09e00 EPA Watch - Volume 1 Number 1 - White House, Congress clash over indoor air legislation] Newsletter, February 21, 1992. Philip Morris Bates No.2046323544/3547</ref>  Later Singer's organisation changed into the [[Science and Environmental Policy Project]] with funding from the coal and oil industries and some support from PR firm [[APCO & Associates]].  

SEPP, in turn, sloughed off a European branch named [[International Center for a Scientific Ecology]] (ICSE), in Paris, which was run by science journalist and SEPP associate [[Michel Salomon]] <ref>N. Salomon, International Center for a Scientific Ecology [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ixj24e00 Seminar of 930510 on the Linear Relationship] Letter. March 31, 1993. 3 pp. Bates No. 2028443741/3743</ref> Along with [[Steve Milloy]] at [[The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition]] (TASSC) and  [[Roger Bate]] at the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] (ESEF) (a sort of European version of TASSC) these organisations all pushed the climate-denier and "[[junk science]]" lines on behalf of large corporate interest groups.

Salomon was a member of the Board of Science Advisors of SEPP <ref>SEPP Web site [http://www.sepp.org/about%20sepp/boarddir.html SEPP Board of Directors], accessed April 8, 2009</ref> and with Singer, he organised the Heidelberg conference which resulted in the infamous [[Heidelberg Appeal]] document. The legitimate scientists who signed this appeal intended it to be a request for governments to heed the opinion of scientists before engaging in the wholesale removal of asbestos fibers from schools and other buildings, since in many cases it was safer to leave it ''in situ'' with resin bonding. However it was drafted by Salomon and Singer in very general terms.

In these general terms, it appeared to be an attack on climate activism. It was later used in a conference of climate-deniers at the [[George Mason University]] near Washington, D.C. to promote U.S. support. The ICSE, SEPP, TASSC and ESEF also promoted the Heidelberg Appeal at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit as evidence of worldwide scientific opposition to the conference's consensus decision that governments needed to take urgent action on climate change.<ref>N. Salomon, Projections [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yqg80c00 From Heidelberg to Rio Itinerary of an approach] Publication. 1992. Bates No. 2025477480/7483</ref> 

The Heidelberg Appeal document was funded, circulated and promoted by the asbestos industry and the [[tobacco industry]], but the ICSE organisation was also supported by the vinyl and chemical industries.<ref>[[Gerard Wirz]], Philip Morris [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rtu32d00 The Heidelberg Appeal] Memorandum. March 23, 1993. Bates No. 2025498346</ref>

The [[National Center for Public Policy Research]] lists Singer as someone that journalists can interview on climate change policy.<ref>Web site of the [http://NationalCenter.org National Center for Public Policy Research], page titled [http://www.nationalcenter.org/KyotoInterviewLocator.html Kyoto Interview Locator]</ref>

Professor Ian Enting records a contradiction in Singer's stance: "Singer’s book (with John Avery), <I>Unstoppable Global Warming Every 1500 Years</I> proposes a natural 1500 year cycle for global temperature. I find this unconvincing, with no evidence provided for the claim that Imperial Roman times were as cold as the Little Ice Age 1500 years later. I am also puzzled as to how a man who claims we are in a natural warming cycle until about 2300 could be part of the [[Heartland Institute]] group. which convinced Senator [[Steve Fielding]] that the Earth is cooling."<ref>"[http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2011/07/04/257904/climate-science-doubt-political-ends/]"</ref>

In 2012, Singer began to criticize certain specific categories of deniers of anthropogenic global warming (AGW), writing that they were "giving us skeptics a bad name". In particular, Singer strongly criticized those who have claimed that (a) the greenhouse effect violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics, (b) that rising carbon dioxide levels do not cause temperatures to rise, (c) that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is too small to have an effect, (d) that natural variations in carbon dioxide dwarf human contributions, and (e) that the observed rise in carbon dioxide is due to volcanic eruptions.<ref>[http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=3263]</ref> Singer continues to question whether AGW has actually occurred, but he has apparently lost patience with many AGW deniers.

===Tobacco Industry Contractor===
In 1993, Singer collaborated with [[Tom Hockaday]] of [[Apco Associates]] to draft an article on "junk science" intended for publication. Apco Associates was the PR firm hired to organize and direct [[The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition]] for Philip Morris. Hockaday reported on his work with Singer to [[Ellen Merlo]], Senior Vice President of [[Philip Morris Corporate Affairs|Corporate Affairs]] at Philip Morris.<ref>Hockaday, T. [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/iuj46e00 Opinion Editorials on Indoor Air Quality and Junk Science] Memorandum, March 8, 1993. Philip Morris Bates No. 2021178205</ref>

In 1994, Singer was Chief Reviewer of the report [[Science, economics, and environmental policy: a critical examination]] published by the [[Alexis de Tocqueville Institution]] (AdTI). This was all part of an attack on the U.S. [[Environmental Protection Agency]] funded by the [[Tobacco Institute]] over a risk assessment on [[environmental tobacco smoke]]. <ref>Derek Yach, Stella Aguinaga Bialous, ''American Journal of Public Health'' [http://85.18.251.150/33/yb91_11_174.htm Junking Science to Promote Tobacco] November 2001, Vol 91, No. 11 pp.1745-1748</ref>  At that time, Mr. Singer was a Senior Fellow with AdTI.<ref>P. Gerin, J. Mica, House of Congress [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tlg75e00 Briefing on Sound Science and Environmental Policy] Letter. 1 pp.  2nd to last paragraph), August 2, 1994. Philip Morris Bates No.2040165575</ref> 

"The report's principal reviewer, Dr. Fred Singer, was involved with the [[International Center for a Scientific Ecology]], a group that was considered important in [[Philip Morris]]' plans to create a group in Europe similar to [[The Advancement for Sound Science Coalition]] (TASSC), as discussed by Ong and Glantz. He was also on a tobacco industry list of people who could write op-ed pieces on "[[junk science]]," defending the industry's views.39"'' <ref> Derek Yach, World Health Organization, Stella A. Bialous, University of California San Francisco [http://www.tobaccoscam.ucsf.edu/pdf/9.6-JunkScience-Yach.pdf Junking Science to Promote Tobacco] ''American Journal of Public Health'', November 2001, Vol 91, No. 11, Tobacco, Lawyers and Public Health, pp. 1745-1748</ref> 

In 1995, as President of the [[Science and Environmental Policy Project]] (a think tank based in Fairfax, Virginia) S. Fred Singer was involved in launching a publicity campaign about "The Top Five Environmental Myths of 1995," a list that included the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's conclusion that [[secondhand smoke|secondhand tobacco smoke]] is a human carcinogen.  Shandwick, a [[public relations]] agency working for [[British American Tobacco]], pitched the "Top Five Myths" list idea to Singer to minimize the appearance of tobacco industry involvement in orchestrating criticism of the EPA. The "Top Five Environmental Myths" list packaged EPA's secondhand smoke ruling with other topics like global warming and radon gas, to help minimize the appearance of tobacco industry involvement in the effort.  According to a 1996 BAT memo describing the arrangement, Singer agreed to an "aggressive media interview schedule" organized by Shandwick to help publicize his criticism of EPA's conclusions.<ref>Joe S. Helewicz [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rtu14a99 Note from JS Helewicz regarding Congressional Research Service] Memorandum. January 12, 1996. British American Tobacco Bates No. 700588382</ref>

===Oil Industry Contractor===
In a September 24, 1993, sworn affidavit, Dr. Singer stated that he had two meetings with [[Robert Balling]] in Pheonix for which his expenses were re-imbursed. Singer believed the the funding, which he received from Balling, originated from the [[Western Fuels Association]].<ref>[http://home.att.net/~espi/S-F-Singer_Deposition.pdf "In the Matter of S. Fred Singer vs Justin Lancaster"], September 24, 2003, page 57.</ref>  Singer also admitted to working as a consultant on approximately half a dozen occasions for the [[Global Climate Coalition]] and that payments to him came either from the firm of [[John Shlaes]], the coalition's director or the PR firm, [[E. Bruce Harrison]], which worked for the coalition.<ref>[http://home.att.net/~espi/S-F-Singer_Deposition.pdf "In the Matter of S. Fred Singer vs Justin Lancaster"], September 24, 2003, page 58.</ref> He also stated that he had undertaken consulting work on "perhaps a dozen or so" energy companies. This included work on behalf of oil companies, such as [[Exxon]], [[Texaco]], [[Arco]], [[Shell]], [[Sun]], [[Unocal]], the [[Electric Power Research Institute]], [[Florida Power]] and the [[American Gas Association]].<ref>[http://home.att.net/~espi/S-F-Singer_Deposition.pdf "In the Matter of S. Fred Singer vs Justin Lancaster"], September 24, 2003, page 59.</ref>

In February 2001, Ronald Collins from the [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]] chided a ''Washington Post'' for citing Singer but not disclosing his consulting work. "Although The Post's readers were told of some of Mr. Singer's more impressive credentials, they were not informed that he has served as a consultant to Exxon, Shell, Unocal, Sun Oil, ARCO, Ford and GM. All of those companies, of course, have vested interests in fighting off reductions of carbon dioxide emissions. At a time when industry is buying greater influence in the scientific community, it is essential for the press to provide full disclosure," Collins wrote.<ref>Ronald Collins, "Full Disclosure on Global Warming", Letter to the Editor, ''Washington Post'', February 6, 2001.</ref>

However, on February 12, 2001, Singer wrote a letter to ''The Washington Post'' in which he denied receiving any oil company money in the previous 20 years when he had consulted for the [[oil industry]]. " As for full disclosure: My resume clearly states that I consulted for several oil companies on the subject of oil pricing, some 20 years ago, after publishing a monograph on the subject. My connection to oil during the past decade is as a Wesson Fellow at the Hoover Institution; the Wesson money derives from salad oil."<ref>S. Fred Singer, "My Salad Days", Letter to the Editor, ''Washington Post'', February 12, 2001, page A20.</ref>

===Singer Profiled in ''Rolling Stone Magazine''===
In the January 2010 edition of ''Rolling Stone Magazine'', journalist Tim Dickinson profiled the top 17 United States "polluters and deniers who are derailing efforts to curb global warming". Below is an excerpt from the article titled "Climate Killers" about Fred Singer.<ref name=RollingStone>[http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/31633524/the_climate_killers "The Climate Killers"] Tim Dickinson, ''Rolling Stone Magazine'', January 2010.</ref>

::A former mouthpiece for the tobacco industry, the 85-year-old Singer is the granddaddy of fake "science" designed to debunk global warming. The retired physicist — who also tried to downplay the danger of the hole in the ozone layer — is still wheeled out as an authority by big polluters determined to kill climate legislation. For years, Singer steadfastly denied that the world is heating up: Citing satellite data that has since been discredited, he even made the unhinged claim that "the climate has been cooling just slightly."

Last year, Singer served as a lead author of "Climate Change Reconsidered" — an 880-page report by the right-wing [[Heartland Institute]] that was laughably presented as a counterweight to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the world's scientific authority on global warming. Singer concludes that the unchecked growth of climate-cooking pollution is "unequivocally good news." Why? Because "rising CO<sub>2</sub> levels increase plant growth and make plants more resistant to drought and pests." Small wonder that Heartland's climate work has long been funded by the likes of Exxon and reactionary energy barons like Charles Koch and Richard Mellon Scaife.<ref name=RollingStone/>

==Articles and Resources==
=== Related SourceWatch articles ===
*[[AdTI-Funding]]
*[[climate Change Deniers]]
*[[Science, economics, and environmental policy: a critical examination]]

===References===
{{reflist|2}}

=== External articles===
====Profiles====
*[[w:S. Fred Singer|Wikipedia article]].
*[http://www.sepp.org/bios/singer/cvsfs.html "S. Fred Singer, Ph.D., Professional Background,"] ''Science and Environmental Policy Project''.
*[http://www.eng.ohio-state.edu/quick_links/alumni_corp/alumni/alumni_networking/area_receptions/buckeye/Distinguished_alum.html "Distinguished Alumnus Awards,"] Ohio State University.

==== Published Works by S. Fred Singer====
*"Physics of the Moon" (AAS/AAAS Symposium), December 29, 1966, Washington, D. C., Univelt, Incorporated, 1967, 260pp, ISBN 0877030413. 
*"Voyage to the Planets, 5th Goddard Memorial Symposium, Mar. 14-15, 1967, Washington, D. C (Science & Technology Ser)", ''Univelt'', December 1, 1968, ISBN 0877030448
*"Global Effects of Environmental Pollution," Proceedings of AAAS Symposium, Dallas, TX, 1968, Reidel, June 1970, ISBN 9027701512.
*"Manned Laboratories in Space," Reidel, July 1969, ISBN 9027701407.
*"Is There an Optimum Level of Population?" (from 1969 AAAS Symposium of same title), A Population Council Book, McGraw-Hill, 1971, ISBN 0070574715.
*"The Changing Global Environment," Reidel, March 1, 1975, ISBN 9027704023.
*With Yair Mundlak, "Arid zone development, potentialities and problems: the proceedings of a symposium", Ballinger, 1977, ISBN 0884100502
*"Economic Effects of Demographic Changes", Joint Economic Committee, U.S. [[Congress]], 1977.
*"Cost-Benefit Analysis in Environmental Decisionmaking", [[MITRE Corporation]], 1979.
*Singer et al., "Energy, Readings from Scientific American," W.H. Freeman, 1979, ISBN 071671082X.
*"The Price of World Oil", ''Annual Reviews of Energy'', Vol. 8, pp.451-508, 1983, doi:10.1146/annurev.eg.08.110183.002315.
*"Free Market Energy: The Way to Benefit Consumers," Universe Books, May 1984, ISBN 0876634439.
*"Oil Policy in a Changing Market", ''Annual Reviews of Energy'', Vol. 12, 1987.
*"Global Climate Change: Human and Natural Influences," [[International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences]] (ICUS), distributed by [[Paragon House]], June 1989, ISBN 0892260718.
*"The Ocean in Human Affairs," ICUS/Paragon House, March 1990, ISBN 0892260378.
*"The Universe and Its Origin: From Ancient Myths to Present Reality and Future Fantasy," ICUS/Paragon House, May 1, 1990, ISBN 0892260491.
*"The Greenhouse Debate Continued: An Analysis and Critique of the IPCC Climate Assessment," [[Institute for Contemporary Studies|ICS Press]], 1992, ISBN 1558152334.
*[http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=1568 "Whither Environmental Regulation?"] Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, July 31, 1995?
*"Evolving Global Environment," Paragon House, May 1993, ISBN 0892260467.
*With [[Wolfgang Thüne|W. Thüne]], [[Frederick Seitz|F. Seitz]], [[Helmut Metzner]], ''Treibhaus-Kontroverse und Ozon-Problem: Symposium der Europ&auml;ischen Akademie f&uuml;r Umweltfragen Leipzig 9.-10. November 1995'', B&ouml;ttiger, 1996, ISBN 3925725296. Title translation: ''The Greenhouse Controversy and the Ozone Problem: Symposium of the [[European Academy for Environmental Affairs]], Leipzig Nov.9-10, 1995''.
*"The Scientific Case Against the Global Climate Treaty", SEPP, 1997.
*With [[Frederick Seitz]], "Hot Talk, Cold Science: Global Warming's Unfinished Debate," The [[Independent Institute]], December 1, 1998, ISBN 094599978X.
*"Climate Policy--From Rio to Kyoto: A Political Issue for 2000--And Beyond (Essays in Public Policy, No. 102)," [[Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace]], July 1, 2000, ISBN 0817943722.
*[http://www.sepp.org/Archive/NewSEPP/EPABIAS-Singer.html "EPA Bias on Global Warming,"] SEPP, July 29, 2003.
*[http://www.sepp.org/Archive/NewSEPP/McLiebermanWSJLetter-Singer.htm "McLieberman Bill Unsupported By Science: Voted Down by Senate,"] Letter to ''Wall Street Journal'' (SEPP), October 31, 2003.
*[http://www.sepp.org/Archive/NewSEPP/WashTimes-Security%20Myths%20Singer.html "Old Security Myths,"] ''Washington Times'' (SEPP), November 28, 2003.
*[http://www.sepp.org/Archive/NewSEPP/Oil%20security%20-%20Singer.htm "Oil Security Concerns Need to be Addressed Realistically,"] SEPP, June 21, 2004.
*[http://www.sepp.org/Archive/NewSEPP/Post-Mortem%20-%20Singer.htm "The Kyoto Protocol: A Post-Mortem,"] ''The New Atlantis'', Number 4, Winter 2004, pp. 66-73 (SEPP).
*[http://www.sepp.org/Archive/NewSEPP/GW%20and%20US%20Politics.htm "Global Warming and US Politics,"] Remarks by S. Fred Singer at the Emerging Issues Forum of the [[Heartland Institute]], Chicago, September 23, 2004. 
*[http://www.sepp.org/Archive/NewSEPP/BushBashingKyoto.htm "Bush-Bashing over Kyoto,"] Letter to ''Financial Times'' submitted December 10, 2004.
*[http://www.sepp.org/Archive/NewSEPP/Kyoto-WH.htm "Kyoto Protocol Danger to the White House,"] SEPP, February 19, 2005.
*[http://www.sepp.org/Archive/NewSEPP/G8%20and%20Climate%20Change.htm "Some Straight Thinking About G-8 and Climate Change,"] SEPP, July 5, 2005.
*[http://www.sepp.org/Archive/NewSEPP/OceanHeatStorage.htm "Energy Imbalance and Ocean Heat Storage: No Proof of AGW,"] SEPP, August 5, 2005.
*With D.H. Douglas, [http://www.sepp.org/Archive/NewSEPP/Data%20vs%20Models.htm "Climate Data Disagree with Climate Models: Policy Dilemma: Should We Believe in Atmosphere or in Models?"], AGU meeting December 5-9, 2005 (SEPP).
*[http://www.sepp.org/Archive/NewSEPP/NAS%20Hockeystick.htm "Comments on NAS Committee Hearings on Hockeystick,"] University of Virginia (SEPP), March 2-3, 2006. 
*[http://www.sepp.org/Archive/NewSEPP/IPCC-FAR%20Critique.htm "A Critique of IPCC-FAR (4th Assessment Report 2007)"] (based on the April 2006 draft of the Summary for Policymakers"), SEPP, June 10, 2006.
*[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/117857349/ABSTRACT "A comparison of tropical temperature trends with model predictions"]  with David H. Douglass, John R. Christy, Benjamin D. Pearson. 11 October 2007.
* S. Fred Singer, "[http://www.heartland.org/bin/media/newyork09/PowerPoint/SFred_Singer.ppt No Evidence for AGW: A Personal Odyssey"], Presentation to the Heartland Institute's [[International Conference on Climate Change (2009)]], March 10, 2009. (Play Video) (Download Video)  (PowerPoint)

====Articles & Commentary====
*[[Kent Jeffreys]], [http://tobaccodocuments.org/lor/92756807-6876.html "Science, Economics, and Environmental Policy: a Critical Examination,"] Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, August 11, 1994.
*[http://www.kwikpower.com/AREAS/GC/gc04.htm "ExxonMobil Emerges as Major Funder of 'GREENHOUSE SKEPTICS',"] ''Kwikpower International'', 2001(?).
*[http://www.ucsusa.org/global_environment/global_warming/page.cfm?pageID=499 "Prominent Skeptics Organizations,"] [[Union of Concerned Scientists]], May 1, 2003.
*Derek Yach and Stella Aguinaga Bialous, [http://www.smokefreeforhealth.org/studies/YachBialous.htm "Tobacco, Lawyers, and Public Health,"] ''American Journal of Public Health'', November 2001.
*Stephen Goode, [http://www.insightmag.com/news/2004/04/27/Features/Picture.Profilesinger.Cool.On.Global.Warming-658764.shtml "Picture Profile, Singer Cool on Global Warming,"] ''Insight on the News'', April 21, 2004.
*Tim Lambert, [http://cgi.cse.unsw.edu.au/~lambert/cgi-bin/blog/science/gwarming2.html "Singer and Michaels pronounce global warming dead,"] ''Deltoid'' (ScienceBlogs.com), August 17, 2004.
*[http://www.environmentaldefense.org/article.cfm?contentid=3804&CFID=21084385&CFTOKEN=29888831 "Global Warming Skeptics: A Primer. Guess Who's Funding the Global Warming Doubt Shops?"] [[Environmental Defense]], October 25, 2005.
* Louise Gray, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/6592414/Fred-Singer-to-speak-at-climate-change-sceptics-conference.html "Fred Singer to speak at climate change sceptics conference:] Climate change sceptics are fighting back in the run up to the UN climate change summit in Copenhagen with a series of talks and conferences", ''Telegraph.co.ok'', November 18, 2009.
*Sandi Keane, [http://www.independentaustralia.net/environment/environment-display/crackers-3-fred-singer-and-the-non-conserving-neo-conservatives,3436.html Fred Singer and the non-conserving neo-conservatives], ''Independent Australia'', 28 May, 2011.
<tdo>search_term=Fred Singer</tdo>

[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Climate change]]
[[Category:Leipzig Declaration signers|Singer]]
[[Category:Tobacco documents biographies|Singer, Fred]]
[[Category:Tobacco industry strategy]][[Category:Tobacco industry consultants]]
[[Category:Speaker at the Heartland Institute's Third International Conference on Climate Change]]