View source for Expansion plans for leading coal exporters

{{#badges: CoalSwarm |Navbar-Coalexports}}Most coal, and particularly the lower value thermal coal, is burnt in pit-head power stations close to where it is mined. As a result, just over 15% of coal is traded across national boundaries.

According to the International Energy Agency, in 2011 the total international coal trade was 1.139 billion tonnes out of total global demand of approximately 7.384 billion tonnes. Of this thermal coal, which is overwhelmingly used in coal-fired power stations, accounted for just under three quarters. The remainder is [[metallurgical coal]], which is overwhelmingly used in steel production.

Of the traded coal, just over 90% is exported by ships with the remainder transported overland. The overland trade primarily consists of exports between Eastern Europe and Eurasia and of metallurgical coal from Mongolia to China. However, the global seaborne trade is dominated by exports from and to countries within the Pacific basin. (See [[Pacific Basin coal market]] and [[Atlantic Basin coal market]] for more details).

==Overview==

=== Major coal exporters ===
As shown in the tables below, coal exports grew by 32.5 percent between 2008 and 2012, from 968 million metric tons (tonnes) in 2008 to 1.282 billion metric tons (tonnes) in 2012. Exports are concentrated in a handful of countries. Just two countries (Indonesia and Australia) accounting for over half of the world total and eight countries (Indonesia, Australia, Russia, United States, Colombia, South Africa, Canada, and Kazakhstan) accounting for over 90 percent. Table 1 shows the countries with exports great than 3.0 million short tons. Table 2 shows provides the same information converted to metric tons (tonnes). Note: 1 metric ton (tonne) = 1.10231 short tons. 

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="text-align:right"
|+ '''Table 1: Exports of Coal by Country and Year (thousand short tons)'''<ref>[http://1.usa.gov/1jFKDnI "International Energy Statistics: Coal Exports,"] U.S. Energy Information Administration, accessed 2014.</ref><br><br>
!Country
!2008
!2009
!2010
!2011
!2012
!Share in 2012 (%)
!Cumulative shares (%)
|-
|  '''Indonesia''' || 220,404 || 257,314 || 294,539 || 331,423 || 421,755 ||29.8%||29.8%
|-
|  '''Australia''' || 277,991 || 288,527 || 322,559 || 313,647 || 332,363 ||23.5%||53.3%
|-
|  '''Russia''' || 111,495 || 119,384 || 148,912 || 140,129 || 150,720 ||10.7%||64.0%
|-
|  '''United States''' || 83,478 || 60,404 || 83,178 || 108,229 || 126,720 ||9.0%||73.0%
|-
|  '''Colombia''' || 75,562 || 74,487 || 76,989 || 89,050 || 92,233 ||6.5%||79.5%
|-
|  '''South Africa''' || 63,814 || 57,295 || 73,189 || 75,847 || 81,956 ||5.8%||85.3%
|-
|  '''Canada''' || 36,485 || 31,777 || 36,920 || 37,568 || 38,830 ||2.7%||88.0%
|-
|  '''Kazakhstan''' || 36,538 || 31,568 || 34,604 || 33,477 || 35,178 ||2.5%||90.5%
|-
|  '''Mongolia''' || 4,582 || 7,842 || 18,434 || 26,110 || 24,320 ||1.7%||92.2%
|-
|  '''Vietnam''' || 21,335 || 27,549 || 21,910 || 19,701 || 21,168 ||1.5%||93.7%
|-
|  '''China''' || 63,384 || 25,235 || 27,181 || 27,546 || 15,184 ||1.1%||94.8%
|-
|  '''North Korea''' || 2,895 || 3,309 || 5,113 || 12,322 || 13,240 ||0.9%||95.7%
|-
|  '''Ukraine''' || 6,396 || 6,848 || 8,444 || 9,897 || 8,205 ||0.6%||96.3%
|-
|  '''Czech Republic''' || 9,319 || 9,100 || 9,042 || 8,760 || 7,609 ||0.5%||96.9%
|-
|  '''Philippines''' || 984 || 2,198 || 4,518 || 3,016 || 3,498 ||0.2%||97.1%
|-
|  '''Mozambique''' || 31 || 31 || 31 || 640 || 3,412 ||0.2%||97.3%
|-
|  '''Venezuela''' || 5,213 || 3,260 || 2,708 || 2,283 || 3,126 ||0.2%||97.6%
|-
|  '''World''' || 1,067,376 || 1,044,448 || 1,211,835 || 1,286,721 || 1,413,900 ||||
|}


{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''Table 2: Exports of Coal by Country and Year (thousand metric tons)'''<ref>[http://1.usa.gov/1jFKDnI "International Energy Statistics: Coal Exports,"] U.S. Energy Information Administration, accessed 2014.</ref><br><br>
!Country
!2008
!2009
!2010
!2011
!2012
!Share in 2012 (%)
!Cumulative shares (%)
|-
|  '''Indonesia''' || 199,947 || 233,431 || 267,201 || 300,662 || 382,610 ||29.8%||29.8%
|-
|  '''Australia''' || 252,189 || 261,747 || 292,621 || 284,536 || 301,515 ||23.5%||53.3%
|-
|  '''Russia''' || 101,147 || 108,303 || 135,091 || 127,123 || 136,731 ||10.7%||64.0%
|-
|  '''United States''' || 75,730 || 54,797 || 75,458 || 98,183 || 114,959 ||9.0%||73.0%
|-
|  '''Colombia''' || 68,549 || 67,574 || 69,843 || 80,784 || 83,672 ||6.5%||79.5%
|-
|  '''South Africa''' || 57,891 || 51,977 || 66,396 || 68,807 || 74,349 ||5.8%||85.3%
|-
|  '''Canada''' || 33,099 || 28,828 || 33,493 || 34,081 || 35,226 ||2.7%||88.0%
|-
|  '''Kazakhstan''' || 33,147 || 28,638 || 31,392 || 30,370 || 31,913 ||2.5%||90.5%
|-
|  '''Mongolia''' || 4,157 || 7,114 || 16,723 || 23,687 || 22,063 ||1.7%||92.2%
|-
|  '''Vietnam''' || 19,355 || 24,992 || 19,876 || 17,872 || 19,203 ||1.5%||93.7%
|-
|  '''China''' || 57,501 || 22,893 || 24,658 || 24,989 || 13,775 ||1.1%||94.8%
|-
|  '''North Korea''' || 2,626 || 3,002 || 4,638 || 11,178 || 12,011 ||0.9%||95.7%
|-
|  '''Ukraine''' || 5,802 || 6,212 || 7,660 || 8,978 || 7,443 ||0.6%||96.3%
|-
|  '''Czech Republic''' || 8,454 || 8,255 || 8,203 || 7,947 || 6,903 ||0.5%||96.9%
|-
|  '''Philippines''' || 893 || 1,994 || 4,099 || 2,736 || 3,173 ||0.2%||97.1%
|-
|  '''Mozambique''' || 28 || 28 || 28 || 581 || 3,095 ||0.2%||97.3%
|-
|  '''Venezuela''' || 4,729 || 2,957 || 2,457 || 2,071 || 2,836 ||0.2%||97.6%
|-
|  '''World''' || 968,308 || 947,508 || 1,099,359 || 1,167,295 || 1,282,670 ||||
|}

===Thermal coal versus metallurgical coal===

Thermal coal (also known as steam coal) is the type of coal used in coal-fired power plants. Metallurgical coal (also known as met coal or coking coal) is the type of coal used in the production of steel. As shown in Table 3, Indonesia dominates the thermal coal trade. This is despite the fact that Indonesia's proven coal reserves (defined by British Petroleum as amounts that "can be removed in the future from known deposits under existing economic and operating conditions") of 5.5 billion metric tons are relatively modest, accounting for only 0.6 percent of the world total.<ref>[http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/statistical-review/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2013.pdf "Statistical Review of World Energy 2013,"] British Petroleum, 2014</ref>

{| class="wikitable" "align="center" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Table 3: Coal Exports in 2012 for Leading Exporters by Type of Coal<br> (million metric tons)'''<ref>[http://www.worldcoal.org/resources/coal-statistics/ "Coal Statistics,"] World Coal Association, accessed 2014.</ref><br><br>
!width="200pt"|Country
!width="100pt"|Thermal coal
!width="100pt"|Metallurgical coal
! width="100pt"|Total
|-
|  Indonesia||380||3||383
|-
|  Australia||159||142||301
|-
|  Russia||116||18||134
|-
|  United States||51||63||114
|-
|  Colombia||82||0||82
|-
|  South Africa||74||0||74
|-
|  Canada||4||31||35
|}

==Australia==
===Overview===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Table 4: Australia Coal Export Terminal Expansion Proposals<br><br>
! Project
! Sponsor
! Capacity<br>(millions tonnes per annum)
! Status
|-
|[[Abbott Point Coal Terminal|Abbott Point AP-X]]||Anglo American and Northhub||||Anglo quits (March 2014); Northhub proceeding to stage two analysis
|-
|[[Abbott Point Coal Terminal|Abbott Point T0]]||[[Adani Group]]||70||Pre-feasibility phase
|-
|[[Abbott Point Coal Terminal|Abbott Point T2]]||[[BHP Billiton]]||30||BHP Billiton has withdrawn
|-
|[[Abbott Point Coal Terminal|Abbott Point T3]]||[[Hancock Coal]]||60||Under development
|-
| [[Balaclava Island Coal Terminal|Balaclava Island]]||[[Xstrata Coal Queensland]]||35||Shelved May 2013
|-
|[[Berth 14 coal export terminal, Bunbury|Berth 14]]||[[Griffin Coal]] ([[Lanco Infratech]])||15||Western Australia EPA recommends approval July 2013
|-
|[[Derby Export Facility|Derby]]||[[Rey Resources]]||2.5||Assessment completed October 2012; project appears dormant
|-
| [[Dudgeon Point Coal Terminal|Dudgeon Point]]||[[North Queensland Bulk Ports Corporation]]||180||Cancelled June 2014
|-
|[[Fitzroy Terminal Project|Fitzroy]]||[[Mitchell Group Holdings]]||22||No EIS within 2-year deadline; project lapse
|-
| [[Hunter Ports]]||[[Hunter Ports]]||65 - 120||
|-
| [[NCIG Coal Export Terminal]]||[[Newcastle Coal Infrastructure Group]]||
|-
| [[Wiggins Island Coal Terminal|Wiggins Island]]||[[Wiggins Island Coal Export Terminal Pty Ltd]]||27||Delayed; now scheduled for 2015 Q1
|}

===Project background===

* [[Balaclava Island Coal Terminal]] is a proposed new export coal terminal which is currently being investigated by [[Xstrata Coal Queensland]], a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Xstrata Coal]]. Balaclava Island is located approximately 40 kilometres north of Gladstone. In July 2008 Xstrata Coal announced that it would undertake a pre-feasibility study for a coal export port for up to 20 million tonnes of coal per annum.<ref name="PreFeas">Xstrta Coal, [http://www.balaclavaislandcoal.com.au/userfiles/file/Port%20Alma%20Coal%20Export%20Terminal%20Media%20Release.pdf "Xstrata Coal commits to Port Alma pre-feasibility study"], Media Release, July 2008.</ref>

* [[Wiggins Island Coal Terminal]] is a coal export terminal for the port of Gladstone which has been proposed by [[Wiggins Island Coal Export Terminal Pty Ltd]], a consortium of 16 coal companies. At the end of September 2010 the consortium announced that eight coal companies had made commitments to export 27 million tonnes of coal which would be sufficient to enable the funding of the first stage of the terminal. The consortium stated that it expected that financing the proposal would be completed early in 2011 and shipments commence in 2014.<ref>[http://www.wicet.com.au/assets/docs/100930_Stage%20one%20go%20ahead_FINAL.PDF "Wiggins Island Coal Export Terminal achieves major milestone"], Media Release, September 30, 2010.</ref>

* [[Hunter Ports]] is currently developing a $2.5 billion coal terminal on the former BHP Steel site on the Hunter River in Newcastle, Australia.<ref>[http://www.hunterports.com/ "About"] Hunter Ports, accessed November 29, 2011.</ref> The port would ship this coal to Asian markets.<ref name=ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-29/tinkler-proposes-competing-a-2-5-billion-nsw-coal-terminal.html "Tinkler Proposes Competing A$2.5 Billion NSW Coal Terminal"] Elisabeth Behrmann, Bloomberg, November 29, 2011.</ref> The planned Hunter Ports terminal is subject to state government approval to use the proposed site, may start exports from 2015. Existing coal mines and projects in and around the Hunter Valley, where [[Rio Tinto Group]] and Xstrata Plc own mines, would support additional annual exports of 65 million to 90 million tons of coal “if there is the infrastructure".<ref name=ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-29/tinkler-proposes-competing-a-2-5-billion-nsw-coal-terminal.html "Tinkler Proposes Competing A$2.5 Billion NSW Coal Terminal"] Elisabeth Behrmann, Bloomberg, November 29, 2011.</ref>


==Canada==
In 2012 Canada was the seventh largest coal exporting country in the world, mainly for coking coal: 31 million metric tons of coking coal and 4 million metric tons of steam coal (nearly 39 million short tons of coal total).<ref>[http://www.worldcoal.org/resources/coal-statistics/ "Top Coal Exporters (2012e),"] World Coal Association, accessed July 2014.</ref> Coal exports to Asia accounted for 73% of total exports in 2010.<ref>[http://www.coal.ca/production/ "Production,"] Coal Association of Canada, accessed July 2014.</ref>

About 80% of Canada’s coal exports are shipped through British Columbia. The following ports/terminals handle international and domestic shipments of coal:<ref name=ca>[http://www.coal.ca/transportation/ "Ports and Terminals,"] Coal Association of Canada, accessed July 2014.</ref>

*[[Port Metro Vancouver]] (British Columbia)
*[[Westshore Terminals]] near Vancouver (British Columbia)
*[[Neptune Terminals]] near Vancouver (British Columbia)
*[[Ridley Terminals]] near Prince Rupert (British Columbia)
*[[Port of Thunder Bay]] (Ontario)

Westshore, Neptune, and Ridley Terminals are spending over $1 billion to increase the capacity of their terminals by more than 20 million tonnes.<ref name=ca/>

==Colombia==
===Overview===

{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Table 5: Colombia Coal Export Terminal Expansion Proposals<br><br>
! Project
! Sponsor
! Capacity<br>(millions tonnes per annum)
! Status
|-
|[[Puerto Bolivar coal export terminal|Puerto Bolivar expansion]]||[[Carbones del Cerrejon]]||12||Proposed
|-
|[[Puerto Brisa]]||||70||Earthwork began July 2010
|-
|[[Puerto Nuevo]]||Prodeco (Colombian unit of [[Glencore]]||21 (initial)||Opened May 2013
|-
| [[Puerto Drummond coal port|Puerto Drummond phase 1]]||[[Drummond]]||30 ||Completed 2014
|-
| [[Puerto Drummond coal port|Puerto Drummond phase 2]]||[[Drummond]]||30 ||August 2014
|-
|[[Puerto CCX]]||CCX Colombia S.A.||30||
|-
|[[Carbosan expansion]]||Prodeco owned by [[Glencore]]||||
|}

Colombia's coal exports grew from 68.5 million metric tons (75.5 million short tons) in 2008 to over 83 million metric tons (92 million short tons) in 2012, making it the fifth largest coal exporting country in the world in 2012.<ref>[http://1.usa.gov/1jFKDnI "International Energy Statistics: Coal Exports,"] U.S. Energy Information Administration, accessed 2014.</ref>

The majority of Colombia's coal exports are shipped to European markets due to shorter distances and lower freight costs compared to the rapidly growing Asian markets.<ref>ABARE, "[http://www.abareconomics.com/interactive/AC_june_2006/htm/coal.htm Energy:Thermal coal"], Australian Commodities, June quarter 2006.</ref> However, in mid-2015 the completion of the Panama Canal expansion will facilitate coal exports from Colombia's Atlantic coal to Asian markets.<ref name=Gambrel>Dave Gambrel, [http://www.coalage.com/58-features/3183-colombian-coal-prepares-for-canal-expansion.html#.U6h7lpSwKpM "Colombian Coal Prepares for Canal Expansion,"] Coal Age, 22 November 2013</ref>

At the beginning of 2014, Colombia banned Drummond from exporting coal until it finished a direct loading port. The first phase of the new [[Puerto Drummond coal port]] (30 million tonnes per year) was completed in early 2014 and the second phase (an additional 30 million tonnes per year) was projected to be completed in August 2014.<ref name=Aus>[http://www.bree.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/publications/req/REQ-2014-06_.pdf "Resources and Energy Quarterly: June Quarter 2014,"] Australia Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, 2014, p. 20</ref>

According to one report, experts predict that Colombia's coal exports will double. In addition to expanding capacity to handle the increased demand, the coal industry must also comply with a new environmental law requiring that coal be loaded directly onto ships rather than delivered by barge.

The following corporations are responsible for the bulk of Colombia's exports:<ref name="Murray">Dave Murray, [http://bhpbilliton.com/bbContentRepository/ecAnalystPresentation2007.pdf "BHP Billiton Coal CSG Anlayst Visit: Hunter Valley Energy Coal"], BHP Billiton, November 2nd, 2007.</ref>
* Drummond 47%
* Anglo American 16%
* BHP Billiton 16%
* Xstrata 16%
* Other 5%

==Indonesia==
===Overview===
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="text-align:right"
|+ Table 6: Indonesia Coal Terminals<br><br>
! Location
! Terminal
! Operator
! Annual Capacity (MM Tonnes)
! Status
|-
| Central Java||Tanjung Jati Coal Terminal||||14||Existing
|-
| Central Java||Tuban coal terminal||||2||Existing
|-
| East Java||Paiton coal terminal||||||Existing
|-
| East Kalimantan||Adang Bay Port||||3||Existing
|-
| East Kalimantan||Apar Bay anchorage||||||Existing
|-
| East Kalimantan||Balikpapan Coal Terminal||PT Bayan Resources||15||Existing
|-
| East Kalimantan||Banjarmasin anchorage||||6||Existing
|-
| East Kalimantan||Bengkulu Port||||3||Existing
|-
| East Kalimantan||Bontang Coal Terminal||||18.5||Existing
|-
| East Kalimantan||Muara Berau/Muara Jawa Coal Terminal||||||Existing
|-
| East Kalimantan||Muara Pantai Coal Terminal||||6.5||Existing
|-
| East Kalimantan||Samarinda anchorage||||6||Existing
|-
| East Kalimantan||Separi barge loading facility||||20||Existing
|-
| East Kalimantan||Taboneo anchorage||||||Existing
|-
| East Kalimantan||Tanah Merah Coal terminal||||||Existing
|-
| East Kalimantan||Tanjung Bara Coal Terminal||||27||Existing
|-
| East Kalimantan||Tanjung Batu - Tarakan||||3||Existing
|-
| East Kalimantan||Tarakan Coal Terminal||||3||Existing
|-
| South Kalimantan||Indonesian Bulk Terminal - South Pulau Laut||||||Existing
|-
| South Kalimantan||Jorong Port||||6||Existing
|-
| South Kalimantan||Muara Satui Barge Port||||||Existing
|-
| South Kalimantan||North Pulau Laut Coal Terminal||Arutmin||13.2||Existing
|-
| South Kalimantan||Pulau Laut Coal Terminal||||||Existing
|-
| South Kalimantan||Satui anchorage||||3||Existing
|-
| South Kalimantan||Sebuku anchorage||||6||Existing
|-
| South Kalimantan||Tanjung Pemancingan anchorage||||3||Existing
|-
| Sumatra||Jambi, Muara Sabak coal terminal||||3||Existing
|-
| Sumatra||Kertapati Coal Port||||2||Existing
|-
| Sumatra||Muara Banyu Asin anchorage, Palembang||||3||Existing
|-
| Sumatra||Padang, Teluk Bayur||||4||Existing
|-
| Sumatra||Port of Teluk Bayur||||0.44||Existing
|-
| Sumatra||Pulau Baai Coal Terminal||||3||Existing
|-
| Sumatra||Tarahan Coal Port||||10||Existing
|-
| Sumatra||Tembilahan, Sungai Bankong||||3||Existing
|-
| West Java||Cigading anchorage||||3||Existing
|-
| West Java||Suralaya coal terminal||||11||Existing
|}

===Background===
In 2011 Indonesia overtook Australia as the world's largest coal exporter, at a value of US$27 billion, according to IHS Cera.<ref>[http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/Indonesia/indonesia.pdf "Indonesia energy profile,"] EIA, Mar 5, 2014.</ref>

In contrast to Australia, which moves its coal exports through a limited number of large terminals, Indonesia's terminal capacity is divided among a larger number of less sizable facilities. Many of these terminals are located offshore, where coal is transshipped by barge from up-river mines. 

A signature feature of the Indonesian coal industry is its lack of regulation by central authorities. In September 2005 the ''Washington Post'' reported on the staggering scale of coal-laden trucks -- which are notionally banned from public roads -- going all-night from "from scores of often-illegal mines" on their way to a local port. An anonymous senior official in Indonesia's Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources raised doubt about the accuracy of the Indonesian government's official export figures. "I bet no one has current and accurate data about what is happening out there," he said.<ref>Alan Sipress, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/20/AR2005092001528.html "Indonesia's Illegal Coal Mines Feed China: Demand Transforms Island Nation's Lightly Regulated South Kalimantan Province"], ''Washington Post'', September 21, 2005; Page D06.</ref>

Since 2004 the top five destinations for Indonesian thermal coal has been India, China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan.<ref>[http://www.iea.org/media/weowebsite/workshops/weocoal/05_02_KAMANDANU.pdf "Indonesian coal mining outlook,"] EIA, 2011.</ref><ref name="ABARE">ABARE, "[http://www.abareconomics.com/interactive/AC_june_2006/htm/coal.htm Energy:Thermal coal"], Australian Commodities, June quarter 2006.</ref>:

===Corporate market share of Indonesian exports===
The following corporations are responsible for the bulk of Indonesia's exports:<ref name="Murray">Dave Murray, [http://bhpbilliton.com/bbContentRepository/ecAnalystPresentation2007.pdf "BHP Billiton Coal CSG Anlayst Visit: Hunter Valley Energy Coal"], BHP Billiton, November 2nd, 2007.</ref>
* Bumi Resources 28%
* Banpu 23%
* Adaro Indonesia 18%
* Other 31%

==[[Kazakhstan and coal|Kazakhstan]]==
From 2008 to 2012 Kazakhstan exported between 31,000 and 37,000 short tons of coal annually.<ref>[http://1.usa.gov/1jFKDnI "International Energy Statistics: Coal Exports,"] U.S. Energy Information Administration, accessed 2014.</ref>

==[[Mozambique and coal|Mozambique]]==

===Overview===

{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Table 8: Mozambique Coal Export Terminal Expansion Proposals'''<br><br>
! Project
! Sponsor
! Capacity<br>(millions tonnes per annum)
! Status
|-
|[[Maputo port]]||Maputo Port Development Company||6||Consortium exploring terminal
|-
|[[Beira port]]||Mozambique government||18 - 24|
|-
|[[Nacala port]]||[[Vale]]||18||Operating 2014
|-
|[[Port of Quelimane]]||[[unknown]]||||
|}

===Background===

In Mozambique, only [[Beira Port]] currently provides coal  facilities. Other Mozambique ports shown on the map are in various stages of development. 

In March 2011, the then Australian company Riversdale Mining stated that it would invest $46 million in locomotives to carry coal from its Benga coal mine in Mozambique to Beira port. Riversdale will buy 11 locomotives and 200 railcars for the rail line. According to a Bloomberg report, the locomotives and railcars will probably be delivered in April 2011 before the mines starts exporting coal in September 2011. The Benga mine is expected to produce 5.3 million metric tons (mt) of metallurgic coal a year by the second half of 2011, some of it for the proposed [[Benga Power Plant]]. Output may rise to 20 million mt of met coal a year by 2013, of which 10 million mt will be exported. The project, jointly owned by [[Tata Power]]'s [[Tata Steel]], has an estimated coal reserve of 502 million mt.<ref>[http://www.coalage.com/index.php/news/world-news/977-riversdale-invests-in-locomotives-for-mozambique-coal-line.html "Riversdale Invests in Locomotives for Mozambique Coal Line"] Coal Age, March 24, 2011.</ref>

According to Riversdale's Managing Director Steve Mallyon a "scoping study", completed on a "Richards Bay-type" coal terminal in Mozambique in May 2011, looked likely. [[Richards Bay Coal Terminal]] is Africa’s largest coal terminal, with an annual capacity of 91 million tons. The location he was referring to was not reported.<ref name=Carli>Carli Lourens, [http://bloom.bg/1pSVvEE "Rio Tinto May Add 25 Million Tons of Coal a Year Through Riversdale Deal,"] Bloomberg, June 20, 2011</ref>

[[Nacala port]] is a possible location for a new export terminal for coal produced from the Moatize coalfield in Mozambique. A news report in 2009 cited Mozambique’s Transport Minister Paulo Zucula stating that the government had secured $500m from the Dutch government and the European Union to to build a new railway line from Moatize to the deep-water Nacala port by 2015.<ref>[http://paguntaka.org/2009/10/06/mozambique-to-build-new-coal-railway-line-to-ship-coal-mine-from-moatize-mines-to-nacala-port/ "Mozambique To Build New Coal Railway Line To Ship Coal Mine From Moatize Mines To Nacala Port"], ''Mining Exploration News'', October 6, 2009.</ref> In July 2011 it was announced that Vale began studies on building a coal terminal at Nacala port in northern Mozambique. The project is expected to cost about $1.5 billion.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-05/vale-starts-study-on-coal-terminal-at-mozambique-s-deepwater-nacala-port.html "Vale Starts Study on Coal Terminal at Mozambique’s Deepwater Nacala Port"] Fred Katerere, Bloomberg, June 5, 2010.</ref>

It has been reported that Mozambique's coal boom is occurring at a snail's pace as the country struggles to rebuild ports, roads and railways.<ref>[http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE7AK08A20111121?sp=true "Mozambique gears up to become coking coal hub"] Agnieszka Flak & William Mapote, Reuters, November 21, 2011.</ref>

Brazilian mining titan Vale reported in August 2011 that it delivered its first coal by train from its [[Moatize mine]] project to the [[Beira port]] and expects to export the coal in August 2011. The first train carried 2,200 metric tons of coal from Vale’s Moatize coal mine. Beira port is currently the only coal export port in Mozambique and is located at the end of the 660 kilometre-long [[Sena railway]] line which runs from Moatize, the current centre of the coal mining boom.<ref>[http://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLL57863820090421?sp=true "Mozambique coal rail line ready 2010-World Bank"], ''Reuters'', April 21, 2009.</ref> 

Vale is the first of the major mining companies to start producing thermal and metallurgical coal from the Tete basin. The Moatize project will be able to produce up to 11 million tons of coal, 8.5 million tons of which will be metallurgical coal and 2.5 million tons thermal coal.<ref>[http://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId=143389 "Vale Mozambique Coal Reaches Port; Eyes Aug Export"] WebWire, accessed August 11, 2011.</ref>

==[[Russia and coal|Russia]]==

===Overview===
* Port Vera coal terminal: This 20 million tonne per year project near Cape Otkytiy is being developed by China's Shenhua International and Rostoc's Global Resources. The project will support the development of the Ogodzhinsky coal deposit in the Amur region.<ref>[http://bit.ly/1jkK6rk "China's Shenhua, Russian Rostec sign MOU to develop Siberian coal deposits,"] Platts, 19 June 2014</ref>

===Background===
In 2009, Russia exported 12.09 million tonnes of coal to China, up 1,500% over 2008.<ref name="lb">Luke Burgess, [http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/russia-china-agree-to-6-billion-deal-for-475-million-tonnes-of-coal/1265 "Russia Inks $6 Billion Deal with China to Supply 475 Million Tonnes of Coal"] Energy & Capital, Sep. 10, 2010.</ref> In 2010, Russia shipped 32 million tons to India, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan and China;<ref>Ilya Arkhipov and Yuliya Fedorinova, [http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-24/russia-plans-to-more-than-double-coal-exports-to-asia-by-2030.html "Russia Plans to More Than Double Coal Exports to Asia by 2030"] Bloomberg, Jan. 24, 2012.</ref> during the first half of 2010, Russia exported 6 million tonnes of coal to China, making it currently the fourth-largest coal exporter to China. Russia plans to increase annual coal exports to China to 15 million tonnes for the next five years, then increase exports to 20 million tonnes per year for the next 20 years;<ref name="lb">Luke Burgess, [http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/russia-china-agree-to-6-billion-deal-for-475-million-tonnes-of-coal/1265 "Russia Inks $6 Billion Deal with China to Supply 475 Million Tonnes of Coal"] Energy & Capital, Sep. 10, 2010.</ref> overall, Russian officials have said they want to more than double coal exports to Asia to an annual 85 million metric tons by 2030.<ref>Ilya Arkhipov and Yuliya Fedorinova, [http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-24/russia-plans-to-more-than-double-coal-exports-to-asia-by-2030.html "Russia Plans to More Than Double Coal Exports to Asia by 2030"] Bloomberg, Jan. 24, 2012.</ref>

==[[South Africa and coal|South Africa]]==
South Africa has also become a major player in the global coal trade, exporting an estimated 69 million tonnes in 2006.<ref>World Coal Institute, [http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=188 "Coal Facts 2007"], World Coal Institute website, accessed June 2008.</ref> The bulk of this is exported to Germany, Spain and Japan.<ref>Energy Information Administration, [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/South_Africa/Coal.html South Africa: Coal"], Energy Information Administration website, accessed June 2008.</ref>
The following corporations are responsible for the bulk of South Africa's exports:<ref name="Murray">Dave Murray, [http://bhpbilliton.com/bbContentRepository/ecAnalystPresentation2007.pdf "BHP Billiton Coal CSG Anlayst Visit: Hunter Valley Energy Coal"], BHP Billiton, November 2nd, 2007.</ref>
* Anglo American 34%
* BHP-Billiton 31%
* Xstrata 20%
* Other 14%

In 2012 South Africa was the sixth largest coal exporting country in the world, at 74 million metric tons.<ref>[http://www.worldcoal.org/resources/coal-statistics/ "Top Coal Exporters (2012e),"] World Coal Association, accessed July 2014.</ref>

==[[U.S. coal exports|United States]]==
''See also: [[U.S. coal exports]]''

===Overview===
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="text-align:right"
|+ ''Table 8: U.S. Pacific Northwest Coal Export Terminal Expansion Proposals''
! Project
! Location
! State
! Sponsor
! Current Capacity<br>(MM short tons)
!Proposed Additional Capacity<br>(MM short tons)
! Status
|-
| [[Coyote Island Terminal]]||[[Port of Morrow]] in Boardman||OR||[[Ambre Energy]]||||8.8||Transfer facility from trains to storage and barges - permit under review
|-
| [[Port Westward]]||[[Port of St. Helens]] near Clatskanie||OR||[[Kinder Morgan Energy Partners]]||||15-30||Cancelled May 2013
|-
| [[Gateway Pacific Terminal]] ||Cherry Point||WA||[[SSA Marine]]||||54||Under review
|-
| [[Millennium Bulk Logistics Longview Terminal]]||Longview||WA||[[Ambre Energy]] and [[Arch Coal]]||||44||Under review
|-
| [[Port of Grays Harbor]]||Hoquiam||WA||Rail America||||5||Cancelled 2012
|-
| [[Port of Coos Bay]]||Coos Bay||OR||Metro Ports||||11 million short tons||Cancelled April 2013
|}

===Background===

In 2007, the United States exported almost 60 million tons of coal,<ref>Lee Buchsbaum, [http://www.energycentral.com/site/newsletters/ebi.cfm?id=614 "New coal economics,"] EnergyBiz Insider, December 24, 2008</ref> and total 2008 exports grew to 81.5 million tons.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/quarterly/html/tes1p01p1.html "U.S. Coal Summary Statistics, 2004-2010"] EIA, released Oct. 2010.</ref>

In 2009, the U.S. exported 59 million short tons -- the downturn was attributed to the 2008 global economic depression.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/quarterly/html/tes1p01p1.html "U.S. Coal Summary Statistics, 2004-2010"] EIA, released Oct. 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.nma.org/pdf/c_cea_exports.pdf "National Mining Association, International Coal Review"] NMA, March 2010.</ref> 

The U.S. exported 81.5 million tons of coal in 2010, the beginning of a steady annual increase.<ref name=bn>Bruce Nichols and Jackie Cowhig, [http://solveclimatenews.com/news/20110513/united-states-top-coal-exporter-asia "Analysis: U.S. to Be a Top Coal Exporter Again, Thanks to Asia"] Reuters, May 15, 2011.</ref> By far, the greatest increase was exports to China, which rose from just 2,714 tons in 2009 to 2,916,710 tons in the first half of 2010.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/quarterly/html/t7p01p1.html "U.S. Coal Exports"] EIA, June 2010.</ref> 

In 2011 the US exported 107.25 million tons of coal, the highest level of coal exports since 1991.<ref>[http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Gregorus/~3/o1c9uzOnHBs/#ixzz1rweCd9FR "US Coal Exports at Highest Level in Twenty Years"] Gregor MacDonald, Business Leader, April 9, 2012.</ref> Exports continued to grow to 125.7 million tons in 2012, and then dipped slightly to 117.6 million short tons in 2013.<ref>[http://www.eia.gov/coal/production/quarterly/ "Quarterly Coal Report,"] EIA, June 30, 2014.</ref> 

Companies are exploring coal export terminals to increase US coal exports, particularly to Asia.<ref name=bn/>

===Main export terminals===
According to the U.S. [[Energy Information Administration]], seaports in the Gulf Coast and East Coast account for most U.S. coal exports, with six seaports accounting for 94% of U.S. coal exports in 2010, up from 63% in 2000. The seaport at Norfolk, Virginia has consistently remained the largest export facility, making up one-third to one-half of U.S. coal exports since 2000. The next largest export terminal (at its peak) was Detroit, Michigan, which in 2006 accounted for 28% of U.S. exports, although coal exports have fallen more than 90% from a peak of over 16 million tons in 2008. Combined annual exports from Norfolk, Virginia and Baltimore, Maryland increased 18 million tons from 2000 to 2010. The EIA also said that "coal exports from Seattle, Washington have also risen sharply in recent years as significant coal production in the Powder River Basin seeks access to growing Asian coal markets."<ref>[http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=3830 "Six seaports account for 94% of U.S. coal exports, which are dominated by coking coal"] EIA, Nov. 8, 2011.</ref>

===Northwest ports to be used to export Powder River Basin coal to Asian markets===
For more information on the proposed port developments in the western United States please visit the '''[[Coal exports from northwest United States ports]]''' article.
====Proposed Millennium Bulk Logistics Longview Terminal====
In September 2010 [[Peabody Energy]] announced that "Coal's best days are ahead." Peabody stated that exports of coal from the Powder River Basin in Montana and Wyoming will be central to its expansion goals. The ''Oregonian'' in September 2010 reported that Northwest ports, and in particular ports in Portland, Oregon, may be used in the future to export coal to Asia. The Port of Portland said it doesn't have the space for coal exports in the short-term, but its consultants cited coal as a potential long-term market if it adds terminals on West Hayden Island.[[Image:BeyondCoalExports-NorthwestMap-2.jpg|thumb|right|Proposed Northwest Coal Export Locations.]]

In early November 2010 Australia-based [[Ambre Energy]] asked Cowlitz County officials in southern Washington State, which borders Oregon, to approve a port redevelopment that would allow for the export of 5 million tons of coal annually. On November 23 Cowlitz County officials approved the permit for the port redevelopment, which is to be located at the private Chinook Ventures port in Longview, Washington. Coal terminals also are proposed at two other sites along the Columbia River.<ref>[http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2010/11/cowlitz_county_approves_permit.html "Cowlitz County approves permits to export coal to Asia from port in Longview, Wash."] Scott Lean, ''The Oregonian'', November 23, 2010.</ref>{{#evp:youtube|AWYmT5nEA0M|Coalition Protests Ambre Energy's Push for Coal Exports.|right|200}}

Environmentalists stated that they would oppose any such actions, arguing that coal contributes to pollution and global warming.<ref>[http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2010/09/global_mining_companies_are_fo.html "Mining companies aim to export coal to China through Northwest ports"] Scott Learn, Oregonian, September 8, 2010.</ref> Early discussion of how many jobs the port would produce was roughly twenty total.<ref>[http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2011/03/15/strategic-withdrawal-for-longview-coal-exporter/ "Strategic withdrawal for Longview coal exporter"] Joel Connelly, Seattle Post Intelligencer, March 15, 2011.</ref>

In November 2010 Powder River Basin coal producer Cloud Peak Energy CEO Colin Marshall stated that a coal port on the West Coast was "absolutely more than a pipedream." 

Other Powder River Basin producers, including top US coal miner Peabody Energy, have talked about the potential for a new export facility on the West Coast, with Oregon and Washington being mentioned as the top locations of choice.<ref>[http://www.miningweekly.com/article/when-rather-than-if-for-new-west-coast-coal-port-2010-11-12 "'When rather than if' for new West Coast coal port"] Liezal Hall, MiningWeekly.com, November 12, 2010.</ref>

Groups including the [[Sierra Club]] and [[Columbia Riverkeeper]] have vowed to stop the industry's expansion into Asia, a market currently dominated by coal from Australia and Indonesia.<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wirestory?id=12165543&page=2 "Coal Industry Seeks to Export Through Wash. State"] Matthew Brown & Phuonge Le, Associated Press, November 16, 2010.</ref>

====Proposed Terminal: [[Gateway Pacific Terminal]]====
The [[Gateway Pacific Terminal]] is a proposed terminal at Cherry Point near Ferndale, Washington, and would have a maximum capacity of about 54 million tons. On February 28, 2011, SSA Marine applied for state and federal permits for the $500 million terminal, triggering formal environmental review. If approved, the terminal would begin construction in early 2013 and operations in 2015.<ref name=js>John Stark, [http://www.bellinghamherald.com/2011/03/01/1891340/gateway-pacific-terminal-at-cherry.html#ixzz1FPb9Pknd "Gateway Pacific terminal at Cherry Point starts permit process"] The Seattle Times, March 1, 2011.</ref>

On March 1, 2011, Seattle-based SSA Marine announced it had entered into an agreement with St. Louis-based [[Peabody Energy]] to export up to 24 million metric tons of coal per year through the Gateway Pacific Terminal. Goldman Sachs owns a portion of SSA Marine's parent company. According to Peabody, the terminal in Whatcom County would serve as the West Coast hub for exporting Peabody's coal from the [[Powder River Basin]] of Wyoming and Montana to Asian markets. The project would ramp up potential [[U.S. coal exports]] to Asia from Washington state. Another coal export terminal proposed in Longview, the [[Millennium Bulk Logistics Longview Terminal]] in southwest Washington, has drawn environmental opposition. That Millennium Bulk Logistics terminal would be a joint venture between Australia-based [[Ambre Energy]] and [[Arch Coal]].<ref name=st>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2014368837_apwacherrypointterminal1stldwritethru.html "Bulk cargo terminal planned in Washington state"] Seattle Times, March 1, 2011.</ref>

Environmental groups have appealed to Washington's Shoreline Hearings Board over a permit awarded for the port by Cowlitz County commissioners.<ref name=st/>

According to Gateway Pacific Terminal's website the company plans on providing a "highly efficient portal for American producers to export dry bulk commodities such as grain, potash and coal to Asian markets." Additionally, the site contends that the "Gateway project will generate about 4,000 jobs and about $54 million a year in tax revenue for state and local services. Once in full operation, it's estimated that Gateway will provide almost $10 million a year in tax revenue, create about 280 permanent family-wage jobs directly, and nearly 1,400 additional jobs through terminal purchases and employee spending."<ref>[http://www.gatewaypacificterminal.com/project/ "Gateway Pacific Terminal Overview"] Gateway Pacific Terminal website, accessed April 19, 2011.</ref>

During the week of June 6-10, 2011 SSA Marine filed a permit application the proposed Gateway Pacific Terminal. The application read:

"The applications submitted herein will cover the difference in scope between that approved project and our full buildout plan."

The earlier permit was noted in the application was approved by the Whatcom County Council in 1997. At that time, it envisioned a 180-acre development that would handle 8.2 million tons of cargoes per year, including petroleum coke (produced by local refineries) iron ore, sulfur, potash and wood chips. Coal was not mentioned an an export commodity in the earlier permit.<ref>[http://blogs.bellinghamherald.com/politics/politics/gateway-pacific-permit-application-now-available-online/#respond "Gateway Pacific permit application now available online"] John Stark, The Bellingham Herald, June 14, 2011.</ref>

Later in June 2011, Whatcom County officials announced that SSA must apply for a new permit for its proposed Gateway Terminal.<ref name=rep>[http://www.bellinghamherald.com/2011/06/23/2073486/whatcom-county-gateway-pacific.html#ixzz1QarVWIDC "Whatcom County: Gateway Pacific cargo terminal needs new permit"] Jared Paben, ''The Bellingham Herald'', June 23, 2011.</ref>

====Seward Coal Terminal, Alaska====
The Seward Coal Loading Facility, referred to as the Seward Coal Terminal, was built in 1984 to provide for the export of coal from [[Usibelli Coal Mine]]. The facility consists of a railroad spur, a variety of coal storage and handling and loading equipment, as well as a large dock. The Alaska Railroad purchased the facility in 2003 and has performed a variety of upgrades including an ongoing expansion of the coal storage areas in anticipation of increased coal exports from Alaska.<ref name=ala>[http://www.groundtruthtrekking.org/Issues/AlaskaCoal/SewardCoalPort.html "Exporting Alaska's Coal"] Ground Truth Trekking, accessed June 13, 2011.</ref>

====Railroad company looks at [[Port of Grays Harbor]] in Washington State for coal exports====
It was reported in July 2011 that a railroad was looking at a Port of Grays Harbor terminal in Hoquiam, Washington for a terminal to ship coal to China. RailAmerica Vice Predident Gary Lewis told The Daily World of Aberdeen the idea would require further study and the project is several years from being completed.

RailAmerica owns the Puget Sound and Pacific Railroad that serves Grays Harbor. The port's potential coal export terminal, located on a former log yard, could bring another 75 ship calls a year to Grays Harbor.<ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2015764828_apwacoalterminalhoquiam.html "Coal export terminal studied at Hoquiam"] Associated Press, Seattle Times, July 29, 2011.</ref>

In August 2011 it was announced that RailAmerica was canceling its plan for a coal storage and export facility at the port's Terminal 3. The company said they believed there are other uses for the terminal that are more likely to generate jobs, tax revenues and business for the port and for the company, said Gary Lewis. As such plans to export coal from Grays Harbor were cancelled.<ref>[http://www.thenewstribune.com/2012/08/14/2255740/rail-company-shelving-hoquiam.html#storylink=cpy "Rail company shelving coal export plans for Hoquiam port"] Associated Press, August 14, 2012.</ref>

==Coal export studies==
* [http://www.sightline.org/research/energy/coal/coal-FAQ.pdf '''Coal Export FAQ'''], Sightline Institute, September 2011
* Daniel M. Firger, [http://www.law.columbia.edu/null/download?&exclusive=filemgr.download&file_id=59591 '''Carbon Offshoring: The Legal and Regulatory Framework for U.S. Coal Exports'''] Columbia Center for Climate Change Law, July 2011
*Tom Kenworthy and Kate Gordon, [http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/04/pdf/coal_exports.pdf '''Coal-Fired Conflict: Enabling Exports Clouds Environmental, Economic Goals'''] Center for American Progress, April 2011 
*[http://www.worc.org/userfiles/file/Coal/Exporting_Powder_River_Basin_Coal_Risks_and_Cost.pdf '''Exporting Power River Basin Coal: Risks and Costs'''] Western Organization of Resource Councils, January, 2011

==Resources==
===References===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch articles===
* [[U.S. coal exports]]
*[[United States and coal]]
*[[Millennium Bulk Terminals]]
*[[Australia and coal]]
*[[Colombia and coal]]
*[[Global use and production of coal]]
*[[Indonesia and coal]]
*[[South Africa and coal]]
*[[Corporate market share of global coal export trade]]
*[[U.S. coal exports]]
*[[Coal terminals]]
*[[Coal Exports from Northwest United States Ports]]

===External resources===
*Elisabeth Rosenthal, [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/22/science/earth/22fossil.html?src=mv "Nations That Debate Coal Use Export It to Feed China’s Need"] NY Times, Nov. 21, 2010.


[[Category:Environment]][[Category:Mining]][[Category:United States]][[Category: Citizen activism on coal]][[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]